Antiulcer Activity of Aqueous Peel Extract of Musa Sapientum in Albino Rats

References

[6] Measurement of Ulcer Index The ulcer index (UI) was determined for each stomach as previously described.[62, 64] The mean length (mm) of all lesions was recorded, and the ulcer index calculated as: UI = (UN + US + UP) × 10⁻¹ where UN = mean number of ulcers per animal, US = mean severity score, and UP = percentage of animals with ulcers. Measurement of Percentage Protection Percentage protection was calculated using the method of Mahmood et al. (2011):

[39] % Protection = [(Ulcer index of control − Ulcer index of test) / Ulcer index of control] × 100 Determination of Free and Total Acidity Free and total acidity of the gastric juice were determined by the method of Ganguly (1969).

[15] One millilitre of gastric juice was placed in a 100 ml conical flask, and 2–3 drops of methyl orange indicator were added; the mixture was titrated with 0.01 N NaOH until the colour changed from red to yellowish orange (free acidity endpoint), and the volume of alkali used was recorded. Titration was then continued after adding 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein until a persistent red pink colour reappeared (total acidity endpoint). Acidity was calculated as: Acidity = (Volume of NaOH × Normality of NaOH × 100) / 100 Determination of pH The pH of the gastric juice from each rat was measured using a calibrated pH meter. Histopathological Evaluation Excised stomachs were fixed in 10% formalin, processed, and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope for histopathological changes, including congestion, haemorrhage, inflammation, cellular infiltration and ulceration. Statistical Analysis Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences between groups were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. III. RESULTS Administration of 70% ethanol to the positive control group produced extensive haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions of the gastric mucosa. Oral administration of the aqueous peel extract of Musa sapientum (100 mg/kg) for 14 days markedly reduced ulcer formation in both extracts treated groups relative to the ulcer control (Table 1). The extract treated (BE) and extract plus ethanol (E+E) groups showed 70.3% and 77.7% protection against ethanol induced ulceration respectively, compared with 40.7% protection in the ranitidine treated standard control group. Table 2 shows that the extract treated groups had significantly lower total gastric acidity (p < 0.05) and higher gastric juice pH than the ulcer control, with values comparable to those of the ranitidine treated group. Table 1: Ulcer Index and Percentage Protection Group Dose (mg/kg) Ulcer index % Protection NC — — — PC — 5.40 ± 0.54 — SC 100 3.10 ± 0.44* 40.7 BE 100 1.60 ± 0.82 70.3 E+E 100 1.20 ± 0.43** 77.7 Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.05 vs positive control (one-way ANOVA). NC – normal control; PC – positive (ulcer) control; SC – standard control (ranitidine); BE – banana extract; E+E – extract plus ethanol. Table 2: Effect of Musa sapientum Aqueous Peel Extract on Gastric Secretion Group Dose (mg/kg) Free acidity Total acidity pH NC — 14.12 ± 10.86 39.23 ± 25.45 3.28 ± 0.64 PC — 25.15 ± 12.04 71.73 ± 24.97 1.83 ± 0.56 SC 100 22.12 ± 11.06 62.20 ± 20.43* 2.86 ± 0.34* BE 100 17.67 ± 6.44 46.37 ± 24.45 2.90 ± 0.21 E+E 100 16.92 ± 8.71 43.45 ± 23.71** 3.04 ± 0.25 Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.05 vs positive control (one-way ANOVA). NC – normal control; PC – positive (ulcer) control; SC – standard control (ranitidine); BE – banana extract; E+E – extract plus ethanol. Histological examination (Plate 1) showed unremarkable gastric mucosa with intact lamina propria in the normal control group. The positive (ulcer) control, standard control and extract treated groups showed areas of fibrosis with necroinflammation and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, while the extract plus ethanol group showed comparatively less severe histological changes. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Plate 1: Histological appearance of gastric tissue in control and treated groups. (A) Normal control; (B) Ulcer (positive) control; (C) Standard control (ranitidine); (D) Extract plus ethanol group; (E) Extract administered group. Orange arrows indicate fibrosis; green arrows indicate inflammation. IV. DISCUSSION Oral administration of the aqueous peel extract of Musa sapientum (100 mg/kg) reduced ulcerogenic changes in the ethanol induced ulcer model over the 14day treatment period, with the most pronounced protection observed in the extract plus ethanol group. This protective effect is consistent with the mucosal protective, rather than purely acid suppressing, mechanism previously reported for banana derived preparations, possibly involving stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis.

[45] Ethanol induced gastric ulceration is a well-established model for studying the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury, in which increased gastric HCl secretion damages the mucosal barrier and permits autodigestion of the underlying tissue.

[40] Gastric mucosal and submucosal microcirculatory disturbances have also been implicated as a major contributor to ethanol induced injury.

[36] Most conventional antiulcer drugs – antacids, H2receptor antagonists such as ranitidine and famotidine, anticholinergics, and proton pump inhibitors – act principally by reducing acid secretion.

[54] Plant extracts, by contrast, are thought to exert antiulcer activity mainly by decreasing gastric acid secretion or increasing mucus production, thereby enhancing mucosal defence.

[12] The antiulcer effect of banana has previously been attributed not to its serotonin (5HT) content but to its action on mucosal defensive factors: dried banana powder increased the total carbohydrate to protein ratio (TC:PR) of gastric mucus, an index of mucus secretion, and reversed the decrease in this ratio induced by ulcerogenic agents such as aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and prednisolone.[19, 45] The pharmacological activity of medicinal plants generally reflects their phytochemical composition, and the gastroprotective action of Musa sapientum peel extract observed in this study is likely attributable to its content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. This is consistent with reports that flavonoid rich plant extracts possess marked antiulcer activity,

[44] and that saponins of the glycyrrhizin/carbenoxolone type protect the gastric mucosa by promoting mucus formation.

[23] Ethanol induced ulceration is predominantly localised to the glandular region of the stomach, and has been linked to increased production of leukotrienes, mast cell secretory products and reactive oxygen species.

[43] Prevention of ethanol induced depletion of gastric mucus, as observed with the peel extract in this study, is consistent with a protective mechanism involving increased prostaglandin

[53] and sulfhydryl compound

[60] activity in the gastric mucosa. V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion The aqueous peel extract of Musa sapientum demonstrated antiulcerogenic activity against ethanol induced gastric ulceration in albino rats, evidenced by a reduced ulcer index, significant percentage protection, reduced gastric acidity, elevated gastric pH, and improved mucosal histology relative to the untreated ulcer control. These findings support the traditional use of Musa sapientum in the management of mucosal injury and suggest that its peel possesses anti-inflammatory and acid reducing properties comparable, in this model, to the standard antiulcer drug ranitidine. Recommendations 1. Further studies should investigate the effect of Musa sapientum peel extract on cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) expression and prostaglandin synthesis, given the role of these pathways in mucosal blood flow, platelet aggregation and ulcer pathogenesis. 2. Longer-term studies are recommended to determine the effect of extended treatment duration on ulcer healing. 3. Further screening of other locally available plants for antiulcer activity is recommended, to expand the range of affordable, plant derived options for ulcer management. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is grateful to the Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, for the use of laboratory and animal house facilities during this study. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author declares no conflict of interest. REFERENCES

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@article{1723047,
      author = {Amina Yahaya Sani},
      title = {Antiulcer Activity of Aqueous Peel Extract of Musa Sapientum in Albino Rats},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1624-1632},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723047.pdf},
      abstract = {The use of conventional antiulcer drugs is limited by their side effects and by the risk of relapse after treatment is stopped. This study investigated the antiulcer activity of the aqueous peel extract of Musa sapientum (banana) against ethanol induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. Ripe banana peels were dried, powdered, and extracted in distilled water; twenty-five Wistar albino rats of both sexes were assigned to five groups (n = 5) – normal control, ulcer (positive) control, standard control (ranitidine, 100 mg/kg), extract treated (100 mg/kg), and extract plus ethanol and treated for 14 days. Ulcer index, percentage protection, gastric free and total acidity, and pH of gastric juice were determined, and stomach tissue was examined histologically. Phytochemical screening showed that the peel extract contains phenols, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites. The extract treated and extract plus ethanol groups showed marked reductions in ulcer index relative to the ulcer control, corresponding to 70.3% and 77.7% protection against ethanol induced ulceration respectively, and produced significant reductions (p < 0.05) in total gastric acidity, comparable to the standard drug ranitidine. Gastric juice pH was significantly higher (2.90 ± 0.21 and 3.04 ± 0.25) in the extract treated groups than in the ulcer control (1.83 ± 0.56). Histological examination confirmed reduced mucosal injury in the extract treated tissues relative to the ulcer control. These findings indicate that the aqueous peel extract of Musa sapientum protects the gastric mucosa against ethanol induced ulceration, most likely by strengthening mucosal defence and reducing gastric acidity, and support its potential as a low-cost, plant derived antiulcer agent.},
      keywords = {Antiulcer activity; Musa sapientum; aqueous peel extract; ethanol induced ulcer; albino rats; gastroprotection.},
      month = {September},
  }