Recent Advancement in Solar Physics: A Meta-Analysis of the Efficiency, Gradient Composition, and Interface Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells

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@article{1723060,
      author = {Ebehita. O-O, N. A. A. Azeez, M. Umar},
      title = {Recent Advancement in Solar Physics: A Meta-Analysis of the Efficiency, Gradient Composition, and Interface Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1475-1493},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723060.pdf},
      abstract = {Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly emerged as a leading photovoltaic technology, achieving unprecedented gains in power conversion efficiency (PCE) within just over a decade. This study presents a meta-analysis of recent advancements in PSC efficiency, examining key factors, fabrication methods, material choices, and challenges. The pooled results indicate that single-junction PSCs exhibit a mean PCE of 18–22%, while tandem perovskite–silicon architectures achieve efficiencies above 26%, surpassing many established photovoltaic technologies. Efficiency gains are largely attributed to compositional engineering, particularly mixed-cation and mixed-halide formulations, which enhance carrier lifetimes and optimize band gaps. Interface engineering and defect passivation contribute further by reducing non-radiative recombination, yielding incremental improvements of up to 1.5 percentage points. Fabrication methods significantly influence outcomes: solution-processed cells remain cost-effective but exhibit greater variability. Material selection also affects performance; hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites deliver the highest efficiencies, while lead-free alternatives, such as tin-based PSCs, show lower mean PCEs (12–14%) but improved environmental safety. However, major challenges persist, including instability under moisture, heat, and illumination stress, with many PSCs experiencing >20% efficiency loss within 1,000 hours. Additionally, the toxicity of lead and difficulties in scaling up defect-free large-area devices present barriers to commercialization. In conclusion, this meta-analysis highlights both the extraordinary progress and the unresolved limitations of PSCs. While they have demonstrated record efficiencies exceeding 25%, future research must address stability, scalability, and sustainability to enable the transition of PSCs from laboratory prototypes to commercially viable solar technologies.},
      keywords = {perovskite solar cell, power conversion efficiency, tandem solar cell, hybrid organic-inorganic PSC.},
      month = {September},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I3-1723060}
  }