Valorization of Cordia sebestena Biomass as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Seed Oils

References

[1] Advance Biofuel, “India's bio-energy mission 2025 & biofuel industry insights,” Jul. 25, 2025. Advance Biofuel

[2] O. A. Aworanti, S. E. Agarry, A. O. Ajani, and K. A. Babatunde, “Deactivation processes, regeneration conditions and reusability performance of CaO or MgO based catalysts used for biodiesel production—A review,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2021.

[3] E. Betiku, A. M. Akintunde, and T. V. Ojumu, “Banana peels as a biobase catalyst for fatty acid methyl esters production using Napoleon's plume (Bauhinia monandra) seed oil: A process parameters optimization study,” Energy, vol. 103, pp. 797–806, 2016. ScienceDirect

[4] E. Betiku, A. O. Etim, O. Pereao, and T. V. Ojumu, “Exploiting waste: Towards a sustainable production of biodiesel using Musa acuminata peel ash as a heterogeneous catalyst,” Green Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 3439–3450, 2018.

[5] T. S. S. Bhaskara Rao, M. Gnanaprakasam, R. Manimaran, D. Balasubramanian, U. Kale, and A. Kilikevicius, “Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, Art. no. 88355, 2025.

[6] A. Buasri, J. Kamsuwan, J. Dokput, P. Buakaeo, P. Horthong, and V. Loryuenyong, “Green synthesis of metal oxides (CaO-K2O) catalyst using golden apple snail shell and cultivated banana peel for production of biofuel from non-edible Jatropha Curcas oil (JCO) via a central composite design (CCD),” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol. 28, no. 3, Art. no. 101836, 2024. ScienceDirect

[7] L. Chen, R. Martinez, and A. Oduor, “Biomass conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels using natural minerals as catalysts or catalytic supports,” Catalysts, vol. 15, no. 11, Art. no. 1006, 2025.

[8] A. P. S. Chouhan and A. K. Sarma, “Modern heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4378–4399, 2019.

[9] N. Daimary, P. Boruah, K. S. H. Eldiehy, T. Pegu, P. Bardhan, U. Bora, M. Mandal, and D. Deka, “Musa acuminata peel: A bioresource for bio-oil and by-product utilization as a sustainable source of renewable green catalyst for biodiesel production,” Renewable Energy, vol. 187, pp. 450–462, 2022.

[10] A. Damian, S. Kumar, and R. Patel, “Transforming Indian agro-waste into high-performance green catalysts: An AI-driven techno-environmental roadmap for circular chemistry,” The Chemical Record, 2026.

[11] T. Y. A. Fahmy, Y. Fahmy, F. Mobarak, M. El-Sakhawy, and R. E. Abou-Zeid, “Review on the catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) including sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and on the co-pyrolysis of coal with biomass,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 163, Art. no. 105475, 2022. ScienceDirect

[12] C. Y. Fung, Y. H. Chai, and H. C. Ong, “Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification,” Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2025.

[13] S. Husaini, A. Kadire, R. K. Verma, et al., “Biodiesel production from non-edible mixed oils: A sustainable approach using jatropha, karanja and waste cooking oil,” Bulletin of Materials Science, vol. 48, Art. no. 58, 2025. Springer

[14] R. Kumar and K. Sharma, “An expatiate review of neem, jatropha, rubber and karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 60, pp. 1129–1153, 2016. ScienceDirect

[15] L. Macheli, P. Ncube, and A. T. Kuvarega, “Waste-derived calcium oxide catalysts in biodiesel production: Exploring various waste sources, deactivation challenges, and improvement strategies,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 29, Art. no. 102021, 2025. ScienceDirect

[16] S. Maroa and F. Inambao, “A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts,” Engineering in Life Sciences, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 790–824, 2021. Wiley

[17] M. Mergbi, M. G. Galloni, D. Aboagye, E. Elimian, P. Su, B. M. Ikram, W. Nabgan, J. Bedia, H. B. Amor, S. Contreras, F. Medina, and R. Djellabi, “Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into sustainable materials for adsorption and photocatalytic applications in water and air remediation,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023. Springer

[18] F. Mirante, P. Leo, C. N. Dias, L. Cunha-Silva, and S. S. Balula, “MOF-808 as an efficient catalyst for valorization of biodiesel waste production: Glycerol acetalization,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 21, Art. no. 7023, 2023. MDPI

[19] A. K. Mohammed, Z. A. Alkhafaje, and I. M. Rashid, “Heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification reaction using waste snail shell for biodiesel production,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 6, Art. no. e17094, 2023. ScienceDirect

[20] M. Naik, L. C. Meher, S. N. Naik, and L. M. Das, “Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 354–357, 2008.

[21] U. Nweke-Maraizu, C. Okonkwo, and T. Adeyemi, “Sustainable technologies for bio-waste utilization and valorization: Perspectives and challenges,” Results in Chemistry, vol. 18, Art. no. 102678, 2025.

[22] Policy Circle, “India's biofuel policy eyes scale, security, rural gains,” Jan. 20, 2026. Policy Circle

[23] P. Prajapati, S. Shrivastava, V. Sharma, P. Srivastava, V. Shankhwar, A. Sharma, S. K. Srivastava, and D. D. Agarwal, “Karanja seed shell ash: A sustainable green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production,” Results in Engineering, vol. 18, Art. no. 101063, 2023. ScienceDirect

[24] ResearchAndMarkets.com, “Analyzing the potential $77.94 billion biodiesel market, 2025–2029 & 2034,” GlobeNewswire, Feb. 27, 2025. GlobeNewswire

[25] F. R. Ribeiro, M. C. Santos, and L. B. Oliveira, “Sustainable production of biodiesel using waste Jatropha curcas shells as a heterogeneous catalyst,” ACS Omega, 2025.

[26] P. Roy and S. Bhattacharya, “Single-pot synthesis of dialkyl carbonates using catalyst from natural resource,” Biomass and Bioenergy, 2016.

[27] P. Sharma, “Harnessing fruit and vegetable waste for biofuel production: Advances and scope for future development,” eFood, vol. 6, no. 2, 2025.

[28] I. Tobio-Perez, M. Lapuerta, L. Canoira, S. L. Rokhum, and R. Piloto-Rodríguez, “Sustainable production of biodiesel using waste Jatropha curcas shells as a heterogeneous catalyst,” ACS Omega, 2025. ACS

@article{1723545,
      author = {Vijaykumar Tumbad, Dr. K. S. Katagi},
      title = {Valorization of Cordia sebestena Biomass as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Seed Oils},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {2358-2367},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723545.pdf},
      abstract = {The increasing focus on renewable and low-cost and environmentally clean options for global energy need the research on the valorization of plant-based waste biomass into functional materials which can assist the development of sustainable industrial processes in various fields. This interest is particularly pertinent for the field of biodiesel production whereby transesterification of the non-edible seed oil (specifically chosen for their distinction from food-grade vegetable oils) depends on the catalyst system. Cost, recovery and disposal options of the catalysts remain the most decisive factors for the viability of the entire process, and traditional homogeneous catalysts such as alkali hydroxides of potassium and sodium, despite being highly active and low cost to synthesize initially, suffer from several limitations due to their inability for recuperation and reuse, susceptibility to free fatty acids which leads to slopification, and formation of a significant amount of wastewater when neutralized and purified. While synthetic heterogeneous catalysts derived from petrochemical and mined mineral sources can overcome some of these challenges, their high initial costs of preparation, along with the associated environmental burdens, make it economically attractive to investigate the possibility of using discarded and underutilized plant biomass resources as an economic and eco-friendly alternatives for heterogeneous catalyst preparation, one example of which includes waste seed husks, shells and woody residues derived from the landscaping of ornamental trees such as Cordia sebestena. In this conceptual paper, a system for the valorization of Cordia sebestena biomass into calcination-based mineral-rich heterogeneous catalyst for non-edible seed oil transesterification is proposed, outlining how indigenous alkaline components like potassium, calcium etc, present within Cordia sebestena biomass can be thermochemically activated and structure-adjusted to produce catalyst with desired basicity, surface area and porosity for efficient fatty acid methyl ester conversion and to create a dual sustainability advantage. The proposed biomass-to-catalyst valorization scheme effectively converts otherwise worthless waste into valuable heterogeneous catalyst, which subsequently enables sustainable biodiesel production from non-edible oil feedstocks, and simultaneously substitutes high cost and harmful traditional homogeneous catalysts and environmentally damaging synthetic heterogeneous catalysts. It is the aim of this paper to propose a novel biomass-catalyst-feedstock conceptual model which could serve as guidance for future experimental study in the preparation, optimization, and validation of biomass-derived catalysts.},
      keywords = {Biomass Valorization, Cordia sebestena, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Non-Edible Seed Oils, Transesterification, Waste-Derived Catalyst},
      month = {September},
  }