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Assessment of Merged Methods of Booking and Determining Reduced Levels (Rise and Fall Methods with Height of Collimation) in a Longitudinal/Profile Levelling Surveying
Subject area: Physical Sciences and Environment · Area of research: Certificate of Occupancy Processing
DOI: 10.64388/IREV10I4-1723695
Abstract
Basically, booking and determination of Reduced Level (RL) in levelling survey is fundamental in engineering surveying for profile levelling, cross-sectional levelling, establishing vertical controls etc. The two conformist methods—Rise and Fall Method and Height of Point of Collimation (HPC) Method—each have strengths and limitations in accuracy, speed, and error detection. This paper proposes and assessed a merged computational approach that combines both methods in a single field book format to leverage arithmetic checks of both systems, reduce blunders, and improve reliability. Field tests shows a possibility that the merged method could reduce booking errors by a significant level and still maintains accuracy of ±0.008mm. The paper outlines procedures, mathematical formulation, advantages, limitations, and practical applications.
Keywords
Reduced Level, Leveling, Rise and Fall Method, Height of Collimation, Surveying
References
[1] Wolf, P. R., & Ghilani, C. D. (2021). Elementary Surveying. Pearson.
[2] Ceylan, A., Inal, C., & Sanlioglu, I. (2013). Modern height determination techniques and comparison of accuracies. FIG Proceedings.
[3] Baričević, S. et al. (2023). Measurement uncertainty in levelling staff calibration. Sensors.
[4] Adebayo, A. U. et al. (2023). Comparison of height differences obtained from levelling instruments.
[5] Bannister, A., Raymond, S., & Baker, R. (2019). Surveying. Pearson Education.
[6] Chandra, A. M. (2017). Higher Surveying. New Age International.
[7] Punmia, B. C. (2018). Surveying and Levelling. Laxmi Publications.
[8] Surveying Vol. 1 by B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, and Arun Kumar Jain. Published by Laxmi Publications. Common editions: 2005, 2010, 2016.
[9] Elementary Surveying by Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R. Wolf. Latest major editions include 2012 and 2015.
[10] Surveying and Levelling by N. N. Basak. McGraw Hill Education. Editions published around 2007–2014. McGraw Hill
[11] Engineering Surveying by Wilfred Schofield and Mark Breach. 6th Edition published in 2007. Routledge
[12] Plane Surveying by David Clark and James Clendening. Revised editions published in 2011 and later.
[13] Chandra, A. M. (2018). Higher Surveying. New Age International.
How to cite this paper
@article{1723695,
author = {Nehemiah Japhet Kalang, Lee Simon, Tijani Abali},
title = {Assessment of Merged Methods of Booking and Determining Reduced Levels (Rise and Fall Methods with Height of Collimation) in a Longitudinal/Profile Levelling Surveying},
journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
year = {2026},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {575-587},
issn = {2456-8880},
url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723695.pdf},
abstract = {Basically, booking and determination of Reduced Level (RL) in levelling survey is fundamental in engineering surveying for profile levelling, cross-sectional levelling, establishing vertical controls etc. The two conformist methods—Rise and Fall Method and Height of Point of Collimation (HPC) Method—each have strengths and limitations in accuracy, speed, and error detection. This paper proposes and assessed a merged computational approach that combines both methods in a single field book format to leverage arithmetic checks of both systems, reduce blunders, and improve reliability. Field tests shows a possibility that the merged method could reduce booking errors by a significant level and still maintains accuracy of ±0.008mm. The paper outlines procedures, mathematical formulation, advantages, limitations, and practical applications.},
keywords = {Reduced Level, Leveling, Rise and Fall Method, Height of Collimation, Surveying},
month = {October},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV10I4-1723695}
}