Determination of Vibration Effect On Removal of Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons (VAHs) From Groundwater Using Steam Injection

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@article{1723760,
      author = {Oladejo A. O., Adegbola A. A., Badmus S. A., Abioye A. I.},
      title = {Determination of Vibration Effect On Removal of Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons (VAHs) From Groundwater Using Steam Injection},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {873-882},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1723760.pdf},
      abstract = {Groundwater contamination by petroleum-derived volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (VAHs) specifically benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers, poses severe health and environmental hazards due to their toxicity and mobility. Traditional thermal remediation via static steam injection is often limited by capillary forces that trap non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) within porous media. This study investigated the removal of VAHs from contaminated groundwater using steam injection coupled with mechanical vibration. Contaminated groundwater samples collected from Olopemarun (Well 1) and Aje-Iya (Well 2) in Ogbomoso South, Nigeria, were treated in a bench-scale sandbox model. Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) established baseline total VAH concentrations of 120.36 µg/L in Well 1 and 141.20 µg/L in Well 2. Baseline benzene levels (15.95–18.40 µg/L) exceeded the 10.0 µg/L safety limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON). Evaluating steam injection only (140°C, 2.4 bar, 0.01 cm³/s, 60 min, 0 Hz) yielded a low total VAH removal efficiency of approximately 25%, with less than 9% of benzene removed. Conversely, evaluating varying vibration frequencies revealed that applying mechanical vibration (A = 1.0 mm) at 3.375 Hz increased total mass removal to 70.18–70.75%, reducing benzene below 10.0 µg/L (7.80–8.90 µg/L). Elevating vibration frequency to 6.750 Hz achieved over 95% total mass removal and reduced residual benzene to highly safe limits of 1.25–1.40 µg/L. These findings demonstrate that varying mechanical vibration frequencies successfully overcome capillary trapping during steam injection, ensuring compliance with potable water standards. The experiment carried out showed that the combined application of steam injection with vibration appreciably enhances groundwater remediation.},
      keywords = {Benzene, Groundwater remediation, Mechanical vibration, Steam injection, Volatile aromatic hydrocarbons},
      month = {October},
  }