Spatial Analysis of Flood Risk Zones in The Usuma Watershed Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

References

[1] Adelekan IO (2010). Vulnerability of poor urban coastal communities to flooding in Lagos, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization, 22(2), 433–450.

[2] Adelekan IO, Olajide-Taiwo LB, Eze B (2020). Flood risk perception and response in low-income urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 13(3), e12650.

[3] Aderoju OM, Bello RO (2022). Urban expansion and flood vulnerability mapping in Abuja, Nigeria using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Journal of Environmental Geography, 15(1–2), 37–48.

[4] Aderoju OA, Bello FO (2022). Spatial expansion of informal settlements and their flood risk implications in Abuja, Nigeria. African Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 9(2), 89–101.

[5] Ahmed MT, Musa SM, Ibrahim UM (2021). Application of GIS in flood risk mapping: A case study of Hadejia River Basin, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 5(3), 457–470.

[6] Ahmed AM, Bello AA, Ibrahim Y (2021). Soil properties and flood vulnerability in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Environmental Research and Technology, 4(1), 32–42.

[7] Akinsanola AA, Ogunjobi KO, Ajayi AE (2023). Assessment of urban flooding risks under changing climate in West Africa: Insights from Nigeria. Climate Risk Management, 39, 100521.

[8] Ajibade I, Sullivan M, Hauer M (2021). Climate change and urban flooding: A synthesis of socio-spatial vulnerability research. Progress in Human Geography, 45(3), 574–593.

[9] Arowolo MO, Akinola TO (2023). Integrating remote sensing and GIS for flood vulnerability assessment in Lagos Megacity. Geojournal of Environment and Earth Science, 14(2), 55–68.

[10] Ede PN, Eneh OC, Nwankwo O (2021). Topographic and land use influences on flood vulnerability in Abuja, Nigeria. Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal, 8(2), 73–81.

[11] Ede PN, Onuoha HC, Daudu JB (2021). Urban land use dynamics and flood risk exposure in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, 12(4), 77–90.

[12] Egwuonwu GN, Okonkwo AC, Ezeabasili ACC (2022). GIS-based flood risk mapping and assessment for disaster preparedness in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10(3), 120–135.

[13] Eze MC, Efiong J (2023). Flood disaster management and the role of community participation in Nigeria: A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 96, 104686.

[14] Eze CJ, Efiong J (2023). Geospatial assessment of topography and drainage patterns in the Usuma River catchment, FCT Abuja. Journal of Geomatics and Environmental Studies, 6(1)

[15] Federal Ministry of Environment (2021). National flood risk management strategy. Abuja: Government of Nigeria Press.

[16] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press.

[17] Jeb DN, Aggarwal SP (2008). Flood inundation hazard modeling of the River Kaduna using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 4(12), 1822–1833.

[18] Jeb DN, Aggarwal SP (2008). Flood inundation hazard modeling of the River Usuma using remote sensing and GIS. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 16(3), 1–10.

[19] Mohammed SM, Abdulrahman AM (2023). Human-induced drivers of flood vulnerability in Abuja's urban peripheries. Journal of Urban Management, 12(1), 45–58.

[20] National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) (2022). Annual flood impact report: 2015–2022. Abuja: NEMA Press.

[21] Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) (2023). Seasonal climate prediction for Nigeria 2023. Abuja: NiMet Publications.

[22] Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) (2023). 2023 Seasonal Climate Prediction. Abuja: NiMet Publications.

[23] Nkeki FN, Bello EI, Agbaje IG (2022). Flood risk mapping and urban infrastructural susceptibility assessment using a GIS and analytic hierarchical raster fusion approach in the Ona River Basin, Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 77, 103097.

[24] Nkwunonwo UC, Whitworth M, Baily B (2020). A review and critical analysis of the efforts towards urban flood reduction in the Lagos region of Nigeria. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(12), 3573–3589.

[25] Okechukwu JC, Adebayo MO (2024). Evaluating flood disaster preparedness strategies in Nigeria's capital territory. African Journal of Environmental Planning and Policy, 17(1), 22–36.

[26] Olanrewaju CC, Fashae OA, Aladejana JA (2023). Post-disaster housing reconstruction after urban flooding in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 92, 103757.

[27] United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2022). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction: Our world at risk—Transforming governance for a resilient future. Geneva: UNDRR.

@article{1724552,
      author = {Fashikun, S. A., Sangari, D. U., J. I. Affi},
      title = {Spatial Analysis of Flood Risk Zones in The Usuma Watershed Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {5},
      pages = {264-278},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1724552.pdf},
      abstract = {This study examined flood risk zones within the Usuma Watershed in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, with the aim of identifying spatial patterns of flood vulnerability and informing sustainable flood risk management. The objectives were to map flood-prone areas, analyze flood frequency, and evaluate the biophysical and anthropogenic factors contributing to flood risks. Data were collected through satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation data, hydrological datasets, and field observations. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used for data analysis, allowing for the integration of thematic layers including slope, elevation, land use/land cover, rainfall, drainage density, Soil Permeability Index (SPI), and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). The study reveals that areas of very high to high flood risk accounted for approximately 24.51% and 24.25% of the watershed respectively, predominantly in the central, southern, and eastern portions of the floodplain, including communities such as Gwagwalada, Kuje, and parts of Abuja Municipal Area Council. Flood frequency analysis between 2018 and 2023 showed that the worst flood event occurred in 2022, during which about 70,058 hectares were inundated. Key factors influencing flood risk included low elevation, moderate slopes, high rainfall, sparse vegetation, and dense drainage networks. Based on the findings, the study recommended the enforcement of land use regulations in high-risk areas, the development of sustainable urban drainage systems, regular updates to flood risk maps, and community-based early warning systems. The study concluded that spatial analysis techniques offer critical insights for flood risk reduction, and its approach can serve as a model for other flood-prone regions in Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa.},
      keywords = {flood risk; Usuma watershed; GIS; spatial analysis; FCT},
      month = {November},
  }