Smart Monitoring and Energy Performance Optimization of Electrical Distribution Systems in Saudi Arabia

References

[1] Ahmadi B, Ceylan O, Ozdemir A (2020). Voltage profile improving and peak shaving using multi-type distributed generators and battery energy storage systems in distribution networks. Proceedings of UPEC 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC49904.2020.9209880

[2] Ahmadi B, Giraldo JS, Hoogsteen G, Gerards MET, Hurink JL (2023). A multi-objective decentralized optimization for voltage regulators and energy storage devices in active distribution systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 153, 109330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109330

[3] Alrashidi M, Rahman S (2023). A bi-level optimization method for voltage control in distribution networks using batteries and smart inverters with high wind and photovoltaic penetrations. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 151, 109217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109217

[4] Baviskar A, Nazir FU, Hansen AD, Das K, Pal BC (2024). Strategic optimization framework considering unobservability in multi-voltage active distribution networks. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 161, 110127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110127

[5] Buason P, Misra S, Talkington S, Molzahn DK (2024). A data-driven sensor placement approach for detecting voltage violations in distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 232, 110387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110387

[6] Ding F, Zhang Y, Simpson J, Bernstein A, Vadari S (2020). Optimal energy dispatch of distributed PVs for the next generation of distribution management systems. IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, 7, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2020.3009684

[7] Guo Y, Wu Q, Gao H, Huang S, Zhou B, Li C (2020). Double-time-scale coordinated voltage control in active distribution networks based on MPC. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 11, 294–303. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2890621

[8] Hu R, Wang W, Wu X, Chen Z, Ma W (2022). Interval-optimization-based coordinated control for distribution networks with energy storage integrated soft open points. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 136, 107725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107725

[9] Lee H, Kim JC, Cho SM (2020). Optimal Volt–Var curve setting of a smart inverter for improving its performance in a distribution system. IEEE Access, 8, 157931–157945. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019794

[10] Li C, Disfani VR, Haghi HV, Kleissl J (2020). Coordination of OLTC and smart inverters for optimal voltage regulation of unbalanced distribution networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 187, 106498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106498

[11] Li Q, Zhou F, Guo F, Fan F, Huang Z (2021). Optimized energy storage system configuration for voltage regulation of distribution network with PV access. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, 641518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.641518

[12] Li C, Chen YA, Jin C, Sharma R, Kleissl J (2022a). Online PV smart inverter coordination using deep deterministic policy gradient. Electric Power Systems Research, 209, 107988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107988

[13] Li S, Wu W, Lin Y (2022b). Robust data-driven and fully distributed Volt/VAR control for active distribution networks with multiple virtual power plants. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 13, 2627–2638. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2022.3166274

[14] Liu S, Teng Y, Cheng S, Sun P, Chen Z (2024). Voltage optimal control model of regional distribution network after reconfiguration based on multi-energy conversion. Electric Power Systems Research, 237, 110994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110994

[15] Lou C, Yang J, Li T, Vega-Fuentes E (2020). New phase changing soft open point and impacts on optimising unbalanced power distribution networks. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 14, 5685–5696. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1660

[16] Ma W, Wang W, Chen Z, Hu R (2021a). A centralized voltage regulation method for distribution networks containing high penetrations of photovoltaic power. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 129, 106852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.106852

[17] Ma W, Wang W, Chen Z, Wu X, Hu R, Tang F, Zhang W (2021b). Voltage regulation methods for active distribution networks considering the reactive power optimization of substations. Applied Energy, 284, 116347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116347

[18] Paul S, Padhy NP (2024). A new iterative mixed-integer linear programming-based real-time energy-efficient management of AC–DC distribution networks. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 157, 109793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.109793

[19] Singh S, Pamshetti VB, Thakur AK (2021). Multistage multiobjective Volt/VAR control for smart grid-enabled CVR with solar PV penetration. IEEE Systems Journal, 15, 2767–2778. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2020.2992985

[20] Su R, He G, Su S, Duan Y, Cheng J, Chen H, Wang K, Zhang C (2023). Optimal placement and capacity sizing of energy storage systems via NSGA-II in active distribution network. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 1073194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1073194

[21] Sun X, Qiu J, Zhao J (2021). Real-time Volt/Var control in active distribution networks with data-driven partition method. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 36, 2448–2461. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3037294

[22] Sun X, Qiu J, Tao Y, Zhao J (2023). Data-driven combined central and distributed Volt/Var control in active distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 14, 1855–1867. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2022.3213587

[23] Tantrapon K, Jirapong P, Thararak P (2020). Mitigating microgrid voltage fluctuation using battery energy storage system with improved particle swarm optimization. Energy Reports, 6, 724–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.145

[24] Wang S, Sheng W, Shang Y, Liu K (2024). Distribution network voltage control considering virtual power plants cooperative optimization with transactive energy. Applied Energy, 371, 123680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123680

[25] Xu R, Zhang C, Xu Y, Dong Z, Zhang R (2022). Multi-objective hierarchically coordinated Volt/Var control for active distribution networks with droop-controlled PV inverters. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 13, 998–1011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3126761

[26] Xu T, Wu W, Hong Y, Yu J, Zhang F (2023). Data-driven inverter-based Volt/VAr control for partially observable distribution networks. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 9, 548–560. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.05920

[27] Zhang C, Xu Y, Dong ZY, Zhang R (2020). Multi-objective adaptive robust voltage/VAR control for high PV penetrated distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11, 5288–5300. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3000726

[28] Zhang B, Song T, Zhao Z, Zhang Q (2024). Risk-based optimal energy storage operation in an active distribution network for static voltage stability enhancement. Journal of Energy Storage, 100, 113461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113461

[29] Zheng Y, Song Y, Hill DJ (2020). A general coordinated voltage regulation method in distribution networks with soft open points. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 116, 105571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105571

[30] Zhong C, Meliopoulos APS, Xie B, Xie J, Liu K (2021). Multi-stage quadratic flexible optimal power flow with a rolling horizon. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12, 3128–3137. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3059255

@article{1725095,
      author = {Mubarak Abdullah},
      title = {Smart Monitoring and Energy Performance Optimization of Electrical Distribution Systems in Saudi Arabia},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {10},
      number = {5},
      pages = {2321-2333},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1725095.pdf},
      abstract = {Saudi Arabia’s electrical distribution networks are entering a period in which intelligent monitoring must inform operational energy efficiency rather than merely report equipment status. This review examines how feeder observability, data quality, voltage regulation, loss estimation and coordinated distributed resources can be integrated into a defensible performance framework. A structured thematic synthesis of peer reviewed research published between 2020 and 2025 differentiates demonstrated algorithmic capabilities from unverified claims about Saudi deployments. The analysis compares supervisory measurement, physics based optimization, predictive control and data-driven techniques against operational constraints including summer demand peaks, network heterogeneity, photovoltaic variability and communications reliability. It argues that credible savings require feeder-specific baselines, voltage-dependent load characterization and independent confirmation of delivered energy, not improvements in simulated objective functions alone. A staged monitoring to control architecture and an evaluation protocol are proposed for Saudi utilities. The contribution is a critical synthesis linking sensing decisions to measurable energy outcomes, while identifying transferability, cyber physical resilience and validation gaps that require field investigation.},
      keywords = {Electrical distribution, energy performance, smart monitoring, feeder losses, voltage optimization, Saudi Arabia, smart inverters},
      month = {November},
  }