Optimization of Hybrid ? Polypropylene - Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HPSFRC)

References

[1] ACI Committee 211. (1994): “Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1R-91)”; American Concrete Institute, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

[2] ACI Committee 544. (1982): “State-of-the-Report on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, (ACI 544.1R-82)”; Concrete International: Design and Construction. Vol. 4, No. 5: Pp. 9-30, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

[3] ACI Committee 544. (1989): “Measurement of Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete, (ACI 544.2R-89)”; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

[4] Aggarwal, M.L. (2002): “Mixture Experiments: Design Workshop Lecture Notes”, University of Delhi, India.

[5] Arube, G.E, Akusobo, I.S and Damini, R.G. (2021): “Analyzing the Effects of Steel Fibres in Concrete Paving Blocks” International Journal of Civil Engineering Construction and Estate Managemen, Vol.9, No.2, Pp.38- 51.

[6] ASTM C39 (1997), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes , American Society for Testing and Material, West Conshohocken, PA, USA

[7] ASTM C469 (2010), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes , American Society for Testing and Material, West Conshohocken, PA, USA

[8] Baros, J.A.O.., Cunha, V.M., Ribeiro, A.F. and Antunes, J.A.B. (2005):“Post- Cracking Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete”; Journal of Materials and Structures , Vol. 38. Pp 47-56.

[9] Bayasi, Z., and Zeng, J. (1993):“Properties of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete ”; ACI Materials Journal.

[10] Blaszcszynski, T, and Przybylska-Falek, M. (2015):“Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete As a Structural Material ”; Procedia Engineering, Science Direct, Vol. 122. Pp 282-289.

[11] British Standards Institution, BS 12 (1978): Ordinary and Rapid – Hardening Portland cement; London.

[12] British Standards Institution, BS 1881-Part 116 (1983). Methods of Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube, London.,

[13] Department of Environment, DOE(1988): Design of Normal Concrete Mixes , HMSO, London.

[14] Ettu, L.O. (2001): Design Of Reinforced Concrete Elements To BS 8110 (1997), Charismatic Forum Publication Ltd, Oweeri, Nigeria

[15] Ezeh, J.C.& Ibearugbulam, O.M. (2009):“Application of Scheffe’s Model in Optimization of Compressive Cube Strength of River Stone Aggregate Concrete”;International Journal of Natural and Appllied Sciences;Vol. 5, No. 4,Pp 303 – 308 .

[16] Ezeh, J.C., Ibearugbulam, O.M.& Anyaogu, L. (2010a):“Optimization of Compressive Strength of Cement- Sawdust Ash Sandcrete Block using Scheffe’s Mathematical Model”; Journal of Applied Engineering Research. Vol.4, No.4, Pp 487–494.

[17] Ezeh, J.C., Ibearugbulam, O.M.&Anya, U. C (2010b):“Optimization of aggregate composition of laterite/sand hollow Block Using Scheffe’s Simplex Method”;International Journal of Engineering.Vol.4, No.4, Pp 471 – 478.

[18] Ghaffar,, .A.., Chavhan, A.S., and Tatwawadi, R.S. (2014):“Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete”; International Journal of Engineering Trends And Technology (IJETT), Vol..9., No. 15, Pp 791-797.

[19] Huang, C., Cunha, and Zhao, G. (1995):“Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Containing Larger Coarse Aggregate”; Science Direct.

[20] Hughes, B.P. (197I): The Economic Utilization of Concrete Materials, Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Concrete , Concrete Society, London

[21] Ibearugbulam, O.M. (2006):“Mathematical Model for Optimization of Compressive Strength of Periwinkle Shell-Granite Aggregate Concrete”;M.Eng.. Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

[22] Jackson,N. and Dhir, R.K. (1996): Civil Engineering Materials, 5th Edition, Palgrave, New York.

[23] Jean-Louis, G. and Sana, U.B. (2005):“Corrosion of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete From The Crack”; Journal of Cement and Concrete Research , Vol. 35. Pp 572 -577.

[24] khaloo, A. R. and Afshari, M. (2005):“ Flexural Behaviour of Small Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs ”; Science Direct, Vol. 27, No.1. Pp 141 -149.

[25] Lau, A.and Anson, M. (2006):“Effect of High Temperatures on High Performance Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete”; Science Direct, Vol. 36, No.9, Pp 1698 -1707.

[26] Lie, T.T. and Kodur, V.K.R. (1996):“Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete At Elevated Temperatures ”;Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 23, No. 4, Pp 511 -517.

[27] Lima, D.H. and Oh, B.H. (1999):“Experimental and Theoretical Investigation On The Shear Of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam ”; Journal of Engineering Structures , Vol. 21, No. 10, Pp 937 -944.

[28] M.K.-Yew, I, Othman, M.C., Yew, S.H.Y.and Mahmud, H.B. (2011): Strength Properties of Hybrid Nylon-Steel and Polypropylene –Steel Fiber-Reinforced High Strength Concrete ; International Journal of The Physical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 33, Pp. 75-88.

[29] Neville, A.M. (1990): Properties of Concrete; 3rd edition, Pitman, England.

[30] Nwachukwu,, K. C., Njoku, ,K.O., Okorie ,P. O, .Akosubo,, I.S. , Uzoukwu , C. S.,Ihemegbulem, E.O. and .Igbojiaku , A.U (2022a):” Comparison Between Scheffe’s Second Degree (5,2) And Third Degree (5,3) Polynomial Models In The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)”; American Journal of Computing and Engineering (AJCE), Vol. 5, No. 1, Pp 1– 23.

[31] Nwachukwu, K.C., Okafor, M. ,Thomas, B., Oputa, A.A., Okodugha,D.A. and Osaigbovo, M.E. (2017): “An Improved Model For The Optimization Of The Compressive Strength Of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Using Scheffe’s Second Degree Polynomials”; Researchjournal’s Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2

[32] Nwachukwu, K.C.,Okodugha, D.A., Uzoukwu , C. S.,Igbojiaku, A.U. and Okafor, M. (2022b): “Application Of Scheffe’s Second Degree Mathematical Model For The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)”; International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) , Vol. 4, No. 3.

[33] Nwachukwu, K.C., Okorie, P.O.. Ihemegbulem , E.O., Kemebiye Dimaro , Uzoukwu , C. S., and Maduagwu, J.C.. (2022c): “The Use Of Scheffe’s Model For The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete (PFRC)”; International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), Vol. 7, No. 1

[34] Nwachukwu, K.C.,Ozioko, H.O., Okorie, P.O, and Uzoukwu , C. S. (2022d): “Application Of Scheffe’s Mathematical Model For The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Nylon Fibre Reinforced Concrete (NFRC)”; International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) , Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp 850-862

[35] Nwachukwu, K. C., Okodugha, D.A., Igbojiaku , A.U. , Attah, U.G. And Ihemegbulem, E.O. (2022e): Application Of Scheffe’s Third Degree Regression Model For The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete (PFRC); International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education (IJARIIE) , Vol. 8, No. 2.

[36] Nwachukwu, K. C., Okodugha,, D.A., Edike, O., Okafor, M.. And Attah, U.G. (2022f): Application Of Modified Scheffe’s Third Degree Polynomial Model For The Optimization Of Compressive Strength Of Nylon Fibre Reinforced Concrete (NFRC); International Journal of Trend In Scientific Research And Development (IJTSRD) , Vol. 6, No. 3.

[37] Nwachukwu, K.C., Okodugha, D.A, Akosubo, I.S. and Atulomah, F.K (2022g): Optimization of Compressive Strength of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) Using Scheffe’s Third-Degree Regression Model; Iconic Research And Engineering Journals (IRE), Vol. 5, No. 11

[38] Nwaklong, P, Chitanurak , J, Jongvivatsakul, P, Pansuk, W, Lenwa, A and Likithesuange, S (2020): Effect Of Hybrid Polypropylene –Steel Fibers On Strength Characteristics Of UHPFRC; Advances in Concrete Construction, Vol. 10, No. 1, Pp. 1-11.

[39] Nwakonobi, T.U and Osadebe, N.N (2008):“Optimization Model for Mix Proportioning of Clay- Ricehusk- Cement Mixture for Animal Buildings”; Agricultural Engineering International:the CIGR Ejournal,Manuscript BC 08 007, Vol x

[40] Obam, S.O. (2006). The Accuracy of Scheffe’s Third Degree over Second Degree Optimization Regression Polynomials, Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 2, No.25, Pp 1 – 10.

[41] Obam, S.O.(2009):“A Mathematical model for Optimization of Strength of concrete : A case study for shear modulus of Rice Husk Ash Concrete.” Journal of Industrial Engineering International l; Vol.5, No.9,Pp 76 – 84.

[42] Okere, C.E., (2006):“Mathematical Models for Optimization of the Modulus of rupture of concrete”; M.Eng. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri.

[43] Onwuka,D.O, Okere, C.E.,Arimanwa, J.I. and Onwuka, S.U.(2011):“Prediction of Concrete Mix ratios using Modified Regression Theory, Computer Methods in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2. No.1 Pp.95- 107.

[44] Oyenuga, V.O. (2008): Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition, Asros Ltd, Lagos, Nigeria.

[45] Patel, P.A., Desai, A.K. .& Desai, J. A (2012):“Evaluation of Engineering Properties for Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete ”;International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology(IJAET) Vol.3, No.1, Pp 42 – 45.

[46] Qian, C.X. and Stroeven, P. (2000): Development Of Hybrid Polypropylene-Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete; Elsevier Science, Vol. 30, No. 1, Pp. 61-69.

[47] Scheffe, H. (1958):Experiment with Mixtures”; International Journal of Royal Statistics Society, Series B, Vol.20, Pp. 344-360.

[48] Shetty, M.S. (2006): Concrete Technology (Theory and Practice), S. Chand and Company Ltd, India.

[49] Syal, I.C. and Goel, A.K. (2007): Reinforced Concrete Structures, S.Chand , India.

[50] Varma, S.M.S.and Raji, P.M. (2019): Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Polypropylene –Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite; International Conference on Sustainable Systems and Structures, IOP Publishing.

@article{1703519,
      author = {K. C. Nwachukwu, U. C. Onwuegbuchulem, F. K. Atulomah, E. O. Ihemegbulem},
      title = {Optimization of Hybrid ? Polypropylene - Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HPSFRC)},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2022},
      volume = {5},
      number = {12},
      pages = {121-133},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1703519.pdf},
      abstract = {Sometimes, in order to produce superior concrete, more than one type of fibre is added to concrete in various mixture design with promising results. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) is a concrete in which more than one type of fibre is added to concrete in order to improve its general properties, especially compressive strength.  This research work is aimed at using Scheffe?s Second Degree Model for six component mixtures, simply abbreviated as Scheffe?s (6,2) to optimize the compressive strength of Hybrid ? Polypropylene - Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete  (HPSFRC).Firstly, the Scheffe?s second degree  model for six component mixture was introduced and through the use of Scheffe?s Simplex optimization method, the compressive strengths of HPSFRC were obtained for different mix proportions. The mix proportion of Polypropylene - Steel was in 50% - 50% ratio.  Control experiments were also carried out, and the compressive strengths evaluated. By using the Student?s t-test statistics, the adequacy of the model was  confirmed .The optimum attainable compressive strength of HPSFRC  was 57.65 MPa . This maximum value is higher than the minimum value specified by the American Concrete Institute (ACI), as 20 MPa  for good concrete and also the minimum value specified  by ASTM C 39 and ASTM C 469, as 30.75 for high performance concrete . Thus, the HPSFRC compressive strength value can sustain construction of light-weight  and heavy-weight  structures such as Bridges, Airports, maintenance hangars, access roads etc at the best possible economic and safety advantages.},
      keywords = {HPSFRC, Scheffe?s (6,2) Optimization,Model, Compressive Strength, Mixture  Design},
      month = {June},
  }