Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Neem Leaf, Lemon Grass, and Mixture of Neem Leaf & Lemon Grass Essential Oil Extract(S) Against Some Selected Gram Positive and Gram Negative Organisms.

References

[1] A. Akhila., “Chemisry and Biogenesis of Essential Oil from the Genus Cymbopogon Essential Oil Bearing Plants” The genus Cymbopogon. Edited by: Anand Akhila. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2010, pp. 1-11.

[2] S. Alam. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants. Gomal Journal of medical sciences. 7(1): 72-78.

[3] M. A. Alzohairy. Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016: 11 pages.

[4] C. M. Bertea and M. E. Maffei., The Genus Cymbopogon: Botany, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Essential Oil Bearing Plants. Boca Raton. (2010)

[5] K. R. Brain and T. D. Turner. The practical evaluation of phytopharmaceuticals, Wright Scientecnica Bristol. British Pharmacopoeia. 1975; pp. 81-82.

[6] S. P. Dash, S. Dixit, S. Sahoo. (2017). Phytochemical and Biochemical Characterizations from Leaf Extracts from Azadirachta indica: An Important Medicinal Plant. Biochemistry and Analytical Biochemistry. 6: 323.

[7] P. A Dennis. (1998). Herbal medicine among the Miskito of Eastern Nicaragua. Economic Botany. 42(1): 16-28.

[8] U. A. Essiett, D. N.Bala and J. A. Agbakahi. (2010). Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves and stem of Diodia scandens SW in Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research. 2(5): 124-198

[9] W. C. Evans. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. WB Saunders Ltd. London. 14th Ed. 1996, 119-159.

[10] E. Majewska, M. Kozowska, E. Gruczyska-Skowska, D. Kowalska, K. Tarnowska.(2019) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil: Extraction, Composition, Bioactivity and Uses for Food Preservation- a Review. Pol. J.Food Nutr. Sci. 69 (4):327-341.

[11] D. R. Ganjewala. (2008) Characterization of Three Selected Cultivers OD-19, GRL-1 and Krishna of East Indian Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud) Wats. American-Eurasian Journal of Botany. 1(2):53-57.

[12] M. Gizachew , M Tiruneh, F Moges , B Tessema. (2019). Streptococcus agalactiae maternal colonization, antibiotic resistance and serotype proiles in Africa: a meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 19(1):3.

[13] T.R. Govindachari, G. Suresh, G. Gopalakrishnan, B. Banumathy, S. Masilamani.(1998) Identification of antifungal compounds from the seed oil of Azadirachta indica. Phytoparasitica. 26(2):109- 116.

[14] B. Li, S. Yang, H. Chu, Z. Zhang, W. Liu, L. Luo, W. Ma, X. Xu . (2017). Relationship between antibiotic susceptibility and genotype in Mycobacterium ab-scessus clinical isolates. Front Microbiol 8:1739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01739.33.

[15] D. Krishnaiah, T. Devi, A. Bono and R. Sarbatly.(2009). Studies on phytochemical constituents of Six Malaysian Medicinal Plants. J. Med. Plants Res. 3(2): 67-72.

[16] N.K. Mondall, A. Mojumdar, S.K. Chatterje, A.Banerjee, J.K. Datta & S. Gupta.(2009) Antifungal activities and chemical characterization of Neem leaf extracts on the growth of some selected fungal species in vitro culture medium. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 13(1): 49-53.

[17] M. Mustafa. (2016) Antibacterial Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Extract against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro Study. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 17(10):791-794.

[18] O. Samson & J.Otaraku Ipeghan. (2020) "GC-Fid and FT-IR Characterization of Lemongrass Oil Extracted With Soxhlet Extraction Apparatus Using Ethanol as Solvent." IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), 10(5): 33-38.

[19] V. K. Patel , H. Venkatakrishna-Bhatt. (1988). Folklore therapeutic indigenous plants in periodontal disorders in India (review , experimental and clinical approach). J. Clin. Pharmacol. 26(4): 176-184.

[20] P. R. Ronicely, Evandro de Castro Melo, A. J. Demuner, L. L. Radünz & J. B. Corbín. (2011). Influence of drying air velocity on the chemical composition of essential oil from lemon grass. African Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2(6) :132-139.

[21] H. Schmutterer. (2004). Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35:271-297.

[22] Singh V, Chauhan D.(2014). Phytochemical evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Indo American Journal of Pharm Research. 4:5943-5948.

[23] Y. R. N. Smith. (2009). Determination of Chemical Composition of Sennasiamea (Cassia leaves) Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 8(2): 119-121

[24] R. Subapriya , S. Nagini. (2005) Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review . Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 5(2):149-156.

[25] G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. Pharmacognosy. Harcourt Publishers Ltd., London, 2002; 72p.

[26] K. Vermani, S. Garg. (2002). Herbal medicine for sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 80: 49-66.

@article{1703733,
      author = {Chollom Amina Mohammed, Hirdima Morgak Stephens, Atanda Sadiq joseph},
      title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Neem Leaf, Lemon Grass, and Mixture of Neem Leaf & Lemon Grass Essential Oil Extract(S) Against Some Selected Gram Positive and Gram Negative Organisms.},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2022},
      volume = {6},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-39},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/17037331.pdf},
      abstract = {In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem leaf, lemon grass and mixture of neem leaf + lemon grass essential oil extract were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaf, lemon grass and mixture of neem leaf + lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using n-hexane. Antimicrobial activity screening of plants? oil extracts was conducted using agar well diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against two-gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two-gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). Results: Phytochemical components of the oil extracts were alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, flavonoids, steroids and carbohydrates. Flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrate were most present in Neem leaf, lemon grass and mixture Neem leaf + lemon grass extracts while saponins, tannins and phenols are in moderate concentration in the three extracts, while steroid was only present in Lemon grass extract, and glycoside was only present in Neem leaf extract. There was significant antimicrobial activity in the test carried out, with the mixed extract at known quantity having the highest zone of inhibition 10.00? 0.17a against B. subtilis at 400mg/ml and lemon grass had the lowest zone 3.00? 0.06d against E. coli at 400mg/ml. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of Neem extract, Lemon grass extract and mixed extract may be attributed to the present of phytochemical constituent present in the extracts.  The present study showed that the mixture of Neem leaves and lemon grass extract exhibited significant activity compared to the individual extracts and could be exploited as the source of a potent bioactive ingredient for pharmaceutical products for the treatment of bacterial infections and also to improve the quality of health care.},
      keywords = {Phytochemical Analysis, Essential oil extract, antimicrobial activity, lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and neem (Azadirachta indica).},
      month = {August},
  }