Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride (A Commonly Used Pesticide) Among Delta State Farmers and Determination of Optimal Dilution Rate Convenient for Use

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@article{1708857,
      author = {Mercy Erhuvwu Osharode, Edesiri Maureen Ejukonemu, Dr. Onisodumeya Elemchukwu James},
      title = {Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride (A Commonly Used Pesticide) Among Delta State Farmers and Determination of Optimal Dilution Rate Convenient for Use},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {8},
      number = {11},
      pages = {2138-2143},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1708857.pdf},
      abstract = {Farmers all across the world use pesticides to increase agricultural yields, ignoring the harm they cause to the environment. Negative consequences might arise from ineffective control of pesticide use. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the hazardous effects of some of these pesticides, particularly in Delta State, where the study was carried out, and throughout Nigeria, where farmers use these chemicals irresponsibly, disregarding the risks to human health and, as a result, disregard safety regulations. Using the Allium cepa test, this study examined the effects of Paraquat Dichloride pesticide on farmers in Delta State, Nigeria, and established the ideal dilution rate (concentration) for field usage. In particular, the goals were to prepare various concentrations of paraquat dichloride and expose them to onion rootlets, assess the cytotoxic effects of the test chemical (pesticide) on the various stages of cell division (precisely mitotic) while keeping an eye out for side effects like aberrations (as may be sported in chromosome) and any other abnormality in cells, and lastly assess the inhibition of growth regarding Allium cepa root (which is caused due to paraquat dichloride exposure). A binocular microscope (Biosphere-B 2005B) with x40 magnification was used to assess microscopic characteristics and capture images. Using analysis of variance, macroscopic parameters were statistically examined at the 0.05 (5%) level of significance. The findings demonstrated that paraquat dichloride caused damaged cells, bi-nucleated cells, telophase-bridge, anaphase-bridge, and Binucleated abnormality occurring during Telophase. As paraquat dichloride concentrations increased, root development was slowed. When comparing (statistically) the root lengths subjected to paraquat dichloride treatments and that of the 0.000g/l treatment, a remarkable (P<0.05) differences were found.  Root number however, revealed no statistical significant difference. Since pesticides may be hazardous to plants and animals that come into touch with them, it is advised that their usage be controlled in agricultural areas.},
      keywords = {Toxicity, Paraquat Dichloride, Optimal Dilution rate.},
      month = {May},
  }