Optogenetic and Magneto Genetics in Cardiovascular Disease

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@article{1708806,
      author = {Zeinab Samiee Zafarghandi, Seyedeh Zoha Tabatabaei},
      title = {Optogenetic and Magneto Genetics in Cardiovascular Disease},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {8},
      number = {11},
      pages = {2014-2028},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1708806.pdf},
      abstract = {cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes a global health challenge and a major cause of death; hence, recently, continuous innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics have been involved. These conventional forms of electrical stimulation by now are good but are not cell-type-specific, involve invasive procedures, and can damage tissue when used for a long time. If used appropriately, optogenetics and magnetogenetics will usher a new era of precise, non-invasive, and cell-specific modulation of cardiac activity. While optogenetics uses light-activated ion channels and pumps, such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsins, to alter the membrane potential of cardiomyocytes in the order of milliseconds, magnetogenetics uses magnetic fields to activate ion channels or temperature-sensitive proteins engineered and tethered to magnetic nanoparticles and therefore have the advantage of deeper tissue penetration without the need for fiber-optic implants. The article gives a general introduction to the principles underlying opto- and magnetogenetic technologies, their use in depolarizing cells, the control of cardiac rhythm, arrhythmia therapy, and non-invasive alternatives to classical pacemakers. It also reviews some important recent in vitro and in vivo studies that have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of both approaches in cardiac tissue engineering and electrophysiological studies. Furthermore, the article details some of the major translational hurdles, including delivery, immune responses, and regulatory issues, and provides a perspective on prospects for integration with AI, wireless systems, and personalized medicine. All in all, optogenetics and magnetogenetics can usher a new era in cardiovascular therapeutic paradigms.},
      keywords = {Optogenetics, Magnetogenetics, Cardiac electrophysiology, Channelrhodopsin, Ferritin, Arrhythmia, Pacemaker, Bioelectronic medicine, Non-invasive neuromodulation, Cardiovascular therapy},
      month = {May},
  }