Systematic Review of Coagulation-Flocculation Kinetics and Optimization in Municipal Water Purification Units

• Author(s): Matluck Afolabi ; Ogechi Amanda Onukogu ; Thompson Odion Igunma ; Zamathula Q. Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu ; Adeniyi K. Adeleke
• Paper ID: 1708814
• Page: 259-275
• Published Date: 29-02-2020
• Published In: Iconic Research And Engineering Journals
• Publisher: IRE Journals
• e-ISSN: 2456-8880
• Volume/Issue: Volume 3 Issue 8 February-2020

Abstract

This systematic review explores the kinetics and optimization of coagulation-flocculation processes in municipal water purification systems, aiming to consolidate current scientific knowledge and practical advancements. Coagulation-flocculation remains a cornerstone of conventional water treatment, effectively removing suspended particles, colloids, and organic matter. However, process efficiency depends heavily on the reaction kinetics, dosage optimization, mixing intensity, and the physicochemical characteristics of raw water. Drawing from over 100 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2020, this review categorizes advancements in coagulant types (e.g., alum, ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, natural coagulants), flocculation aids, pH regulation, and hydraulic conditions. Particular attention is given to modeling approaches such as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, along with population balance models, which have significantly improved the understanding of particle aggregation dynamics and sedimentation rates. The review also assesses the impacts of temperature, ionic strength, and natural organic matter on coagulation efficiency, highlighting variations across different geographic and climatic regions. Optimization strategies are analyzed, including jar test protocols, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and genetic algorithms (GA), all aimed at minimizing chemical usage, sludge production, and operational costs while ensuring regulatory compliance for turbidity, color, and pathogen removal. Emerging trends identified include the use of hybrid coagulants, nanocomposite materials, and green alternatives derived from plant-based or biodegradable substances. Furthermore, the integration of real-time sensor-based feedback systems and digital twins for predictive control is examined as a pathway toward more resilient and adaptive municipal water treatment operations. Despite these advancements, gaps remain in scaling laboratory-optimized models to full-scale treatment plants, especially in developing nations with limited resources. This review concludes by recommending a holistic approach to kinetic analysis and process optimization that incorporates sustainability, affordability, and local water quality characteristics. These insights provide a roadmap for utilities, engineers, and policymakers to enhance treatment performance and safeguard public health through improved coagulation-flocculation practices in municipal water purification systems.

Keywords

Coagulation-Flocculation, Municipal Water Purification, Kinetics, Optimization, Modeling, Coagulants, Turbidity Removal, Artificial Neural Networks, Green Coagulants, Water Treatment.

Citations

IRE Journals:
Matluck Afolabi , Ogechi Amanda Onukogu , Thompson Odion Igunma , Zamathula Q. Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu , Adeniyi K. Adeleke "Systematic Review of Coagulation-Flocculation Kinetics and Optimization in Municipal Water Purification Units" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 3 Issue 8 2020 Page 259-275

IEEE:
Matluck Afolabi , Ogechi Amanda Onukogu , Thompson Odion Igunma , Zamathula Q. Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu , Adeniyi K. Adeleke "Systematic Review of Coagulation-Flocculation Kinetics and Optimization in Municipal Water Purification Units" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 3(8)