Gross Anatomical-Base Whole Effluent Chronic Toxicity: A Case Study of Crude Oil Drilling Effluent Impact On the Hepatopancreas of Palaemonetes Africanus

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@article{1709103,
      author = {Theodore A. Allison, Ebibouloukami G. Waritimi},
      title = {Gross Anatomical-Base Whole Effluent Chronic Toxicity: A Case Study of Crude Oil Drilling Effluent Impact On the Hepatopancreas of Palaemonetes Africanus},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {8},
      number = {12},
      pages = {1917-1927},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1709103.pdf},
      abstract = {The Odimodi shoreline, which is used as a effluent discharge point, is close to forcados estuary which is a major commercial fisheries for the shrimps industry in Nigeria. This shoreline is a major source of livelihood for the communities that inhabit its river basin. This study is designed to simulate, in the laboratory, the effect of whole effluent collected from a point source at the Odimodi axis of the Atlantic Ocean, on the bioaccumulation and histological health of Palaemonetes africanus, a resident commercial shrimp, using the effluent receiving water as the dilution solution. The experiment was setup as a 90 days whole effluent sub-chronic toxicity study. Six (6) of twenty litres (20l) capacity plastic tanks with open top were used. 5 tanks, of 25 fish per tank, were treated with 10 litres of graded whole effluent stock solution concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%. while one (1) tank was untreated and used as a control chamber.  Effluents was sample from a point discharge source and evaluated for their physico-chemical parameters, while the shrimp was sampled from African Regional Aquaculture Centre (ARAC) and used in the evaluation of muscle tissue bioaccumulation and hepatopancreatic exposure effect. Effluent analytical result showed that conductivity (2,370) , Total dissolved solids (TDS- 1,302), turbidity (16), iron (Fe ? 0.709), phosphate (0.44) and zinc (Zn- 0.006)  failed to meet the effluent maximum allowable toxicant concentrations (MATC) guidelines selected for the study. Bioaccumulation analysis showed that the chemical parameters all fell with the permissible guideline range except for Zn and Fe. These elements where also found to be above the effluent MATC levels, indicating that Palaemonetes africanus is an environmentally proven biomarkers for bioaccumulation studies and sentinel organism for environmental bio-monitoring. Histological alterations include Sloughing of hepatopancreatic cells, haemorrhage (arrow), structural distortion of  tubules, enlargement of hepatopancreatic nuclei; and loss of B, R and F cells. Its consistent with other study implicates Zn toxicity as the cause of the observed histological alterations. This study has shown that the petrochemical effluent discharge is toxic to the aquatic ecosystem of the receiving water and can affect commercial fisheries of shrimp.},
      keywords = {Histology; Petrochemical effluents; Bio-monitoring; Biomarker; Bioaccumulation; Shrimp.},
      month = {June},
  }