Panic Disorder: Dysfunctions in the Brain’s Alert System and Combined Therapeutic Interventions
Abstract
Panic disorder is a severe anxiety condition characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks, often accompanied by significant physiological and psychological distress. Neurobiological evidence indicates that dysfunctions in the brain’s alert system, particularly within the amygdala and related fear-processing networks, play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Hyperactivation of the amygdala, reduced inhibitory control from prefrontal cortical regions, and imbalances in neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine contribute to the heightened threat perception and somatic symptoms observed in affected individuals. Current best practices in treatment emphasize a combined therapeutic approach, integrating pharmacological strategies—especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)—with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions. Techniques such as progressive desensitization and breathing retraining have demonstrated efficacy in modulating both cognitive distortions and physiological dysregulation. Emerging modalities, including mindfulness-based interventions and virtual reality exposure therapy, may offer additional benefits. This paper reviews the neurobiological mechanisms underlying panic disorder and critically evaluates the effectiveness of combined treatment strategies, advocating for integrated and personalized care models.
Keywords
Panic disorder; Amygdala; Fear circuitry; Cognitive-behavioral therapy; SSRIs; Progressive desensitization; Breathing retraining; Neurobiology; Combined therapy; Anxiety treatment.
Citations
IRE Journals:
William Silva Carvalho
"Panic Disorder: Dysfunctions in the Brain’s Alert System and Combined Therapeutic Interventions" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 7 2022 Page 565-569
IEEE:
William Silva Carvalho
"Panic Disorder: Dysfunctions in the Brain’s Alert System and Combined Therapeutic Interventions" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(7)
About IRE Journals
IRE Journals is an open access online journals established with an aim to publish high quality of research work in various diciplines. We have more than 6 years in publications. Over 2500+ papers already published.
Important Links
For Authors
Volume 8:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 7:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 6:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 5:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 4:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12Volume 3:
Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, Issue 5, Issue 6, Issue 7, Issue 8, Issue 9, Issue 10, Issue 11, Issue 12