Green Analytical Chemistry, Sustainable Methods for Chemical Analysis - A Review

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@article{1710975,
      author = {Adewole Esther Abisola, Ajayi Iyanuoluwa Esther, Adewale Ronke Mary, Awe Ayodeji Emmanuel; Orebiyi Kazeem Oluwafemi, Michael Asukwo Nseabasi; Agbonifo Etinosa},
      title = {Green Analytical Chemistry, Sustainable Methods for Chemical Analysis - A Review},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2025},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {1814-1822},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1710975.pdf},
      abstract = {Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) is an emerging branch of analytical science that applies the twelve principles of green chemistry to chemical measurement in order to reduce environmental and human health impacts. By minimizing the use of hazardous reagents, conserving energy, and preventing the generation of dangerous waste, GAC provides a framework for eco-friendly analytical procedures that maintain high accuracy and precision. Recent innovations emphasize the use of green solvents water, supercritical carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, and other bio-based alternatives alongside energy efficient methodologies such as microwave assisted and ultrasound assisted techniques that accelerate reaction kinetics and lower power demands. Non-intrusive, real-time monitoring combined with chemometric approaches optimizes resource utilization and data acquisition. The field has moved from reducing solvent volumes in sample pretreatment to direct analytical methods that require little or no solvent or reagent, further shrinking the ecological footprint. Progress in green instrumentation, including miniaturized and portable devices, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems, and automated platforms, has likewise decreased sample and energy consumption. To assess and guide these efforts, standardized tools such as NEMI (National Environmental Methods Index), AES (Analytical Eco-Scale), and GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index) have been developed to evaluate the ?greenness? of analytical methods and promote global comparability. Despite these achievements, challenges remain. Balancing sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits with sustainability goals is complex, and universally accepted metrics for environmental performance are still evolving. Looking forward, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital-twin modeling promise to further streamline workflows, minimize waste, and enable dynamic optimization of analytical processes. This review will examine these developments in detail, discussing green solvents and sample preparation strategies, energy-efficient analytical techniques, miniaturized instrumentation, chemometric and real time monitoring tools, and established greenness assessment metrics, while highlighting current limitations and future directions for sustainable chemical analysis.},
      month = {September},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I3-1710975-9899}
  }