Morphometric Study of the External Ear of Ikwerre Indigenes in Rivers State, Nigeria

References

[1] Acharya, S., Gupta, C., Palimar, V., Kalthur, S. G., & Adhikari, P. (2025). Morphological and Morphometric analysis of Human External Ear with Its Implications in Sex and Stature Estimation, A Preliminary Observational Study. F1000Research, 14, 119.3

[2] Asiwe, N., Irozulike, F. C., Filima, P. L., Wedeh, M. S., & Yirate, B. N. (2023). Pattern of earlobe attachment among the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 17(11), 344–349.

[3] Attalla, S. M., Kumar, K. A., & Hussain, N. (2020). Study of the ear shape and the lobule attachment among the adult Malaysian population at Shah Alam. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 5417–5425.

[4] Chatra, P. S. (2011). Lesions in the external auditory canal. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging, 21(4), 274–278.

[5] Deep, A., Mortazavi, M. M., & Adeeb, N. (2016). Ear. In Bergman’s comprehensive encyclopedia of human anatomic variation (pp. 1167–1181). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40350-8_156

[6] Deopa, D., Thakkar, H. K., Prakash, C., Niranjan, R., & Barua, M. P. (2013). Anthropometric measurements of external ear of medical students in Uttarakhand Region. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 62(1), 79–83.

[7] Ese, A., Emmanuel, O. N., Charity, I., & Enoh, O. (2021). Pattern of earlobe attachment among the Ika ethnic group in Delta State, Nigeria. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 7(3), 54–57.

[8] Eyindah, I. O., & Obah, P. O. (2021). The Ikwerre and state alienation of land in post-colonial Nigeria, 1970–2000. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 79–84.

[9] Francis, G. I., & Okoseimiema, S. C. (2022). Distribution of earlobe attachment among Kalabari people of Southern Nigeria. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 11, 1884–1886.

[10] Irozulike, F. C., Collins, G. U., Nwofor, P. N., Filima, P. L., & Selekekeme, T. B. (2024). Assessment of earlobe patterns and ear shapes in Hausa ethnic group of Nigeria: Implications for forensic and clinical applications. Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 7(2), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajmpcp/2024/v7i2259

[11] Jan, S. S., Shah, B. A., & Saleem, S. M. (2023). Morphological variations and biometrics of ear: First documented evidence from ethnic Kashmiri population (Northern India). Current Medical Issues, 21(2).

[12] Oyubu, E. A., Oyakhire, M. O., & Amasiatu, V. C. (2019). Morphometric evaluation of the external ear in relation to attachment pattern: A study of adult Nigerians resident in the Southern region. European Journal of Biomedical, 6(6), 65–72.

[13] Paul, J. N., Ochai, J., Dimkpa, G. C., Ogba, A. A., & Ohanenye, C. A. (2022). Pattern of earlobes attachment among the Idoma people of Benue State, Nigeria. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 12, 2419–2423. https://doi.org/10.21276/sjams.2022.12.12.2456

[14] Purkait, R. (2015). Application of external ear in personal identification: A somatoscopic study in families. Annals of Forensic Research & Analysis, 2(1), 1015. https://doi.org/10.36648/2476-191X.2.1.1015

[15] Rani, D., Krishan, K., Sahani, R., Baryah, N., & Kanchan, T. (2020). Evaluation of morphological characteristics of the human ear in young adults. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 31(6), 1692–1698.

[16] Standring, S., Barley, N. R., Collins, P., Crossman, A. R., Gatzoulis, M. A., & Healy, J. C. (2008). External ear. Gray’s Anatomy. 40th edition. Churchill Livingstone, London, 618.

[17] Tsuno, N. S., Tsuno, M. Y., Coelho Neto, C. A., Noujaim, S. E., Decnop, M., Pacheco, F. T., … Garcia, M. R. (2022). Imaging the external ear: Practical approach to normal and pathologic conditions. Radiographics, 42(2), 522–540.

@article{1714532,
      author = {Ibinabo Fubara Bob-Manuel, Josiah S. Hart, Gospel Uchechukwu Collins},
      title = {Morphometric Study of the External Ear of Ikwerre Indigenes in Rivers State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2026},
      volume = {9},
      number = {8},
      pages = {1930-1937},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1714532.pdf},
      abstract = {The external ear is a morphologically complex structure that captures, concentrates, and amplifies sound waves to the inner ear. Morphometry of the external ear is essential in anthropological studies, forensic identification, and clinical applications. This study aimed to evaluate the external ear morphology among adult Ikwerre indigenes of Rivers State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed, and 200 healthy participants (100 males and 100 females) aged 18–50 years were selected using simple random sampling. Measurements of auricular height (AH), auricular width (AW), auricular index (AI), lobular height (LH), lobular width (LW), and lobular index (LI) were obtained bilaterally using standardized anthropometric methods. Paired sample t-tests were used to assess right-left differences, while independent t-tests compared male and female measurements. Results revealed that in males, auricular height (right: 54.70 ± 3.65 mm; left: 54.38 ± 2.64 mm; p = 0.02), auricular width (right: 32.93 ± 1.47 mm; left: 32.88 ± 1.48 mm; p < 0.001), and lobular height (right: 16.13 ± 1.07 mm; left: 16.04 ± 1.07 mm; p = 0.001) showed significant bilateral asymmetry, whereas auricular index, lobular width, and lobular index were symmetrical. In females, auricular width, lobular height, lobular width, and lobular index demonstrated right–left differences, while auricular height and auricular index were symmetrical. Comparison between sexes showed that males had significantly larger auricular width, auricular index, and lobular height than females, whereas auricular height and lobular index showed no significant sex differences. In conclusion, the study highlights population-specific patterns of auricular and lobular dimensions, with notable sexual dimorphism and mild bilateral asymmetry. These findings provide essential anthropometric reference data for the Ikwerre population, which may be applied in forensic identification, clinical evaluation, and ergonomic design.},
      keywords = {External Ear, Morphometry, Variations, Ikwerre, Rivers State.},
      month = {February},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV9I8-1714532}
  }