International Peer-Reviewed Journal•Open Access•ISSN 2456-8880
irejournals@gmail.com•+91-7433024337

Home / Current Issue / Paper 1709054

1709054 Vol 5 · Issue 3 Download Paper

Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights

Omolola Temitope Kufile Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti Abiodun Yusuf Onifade Bisi Ogunwale Chinelo Harriet Okolo

Subject area: Science,Engineering and Technology  ·  Area of research: CRM

Abstract

Digital fundraising campaigns have undergone a transformative shift, driven by the integration of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, data analytics, and digital engagement platforms. This paper develops a comprehensive model for analyzing and optimizing digital engagement pathways in nonprofit fundraising campaigns. By leveraging CRM-derived behavioral data, machine learning, and multichannel interaction patterns, we present a framework that identifies high-conversion engagement journeys across email, social media, websites, and SMS. Using historical campaign data from multiple nonprofit organizations, we apply supervised learning techniques and Markov Chain modeling to derive insights into donor behavior, channel synergy, and content effectiveness. The results indicate that CRM-driven models significantly improve campaign attribute, donor retention, and personalized outreach strategies. Our findings highlight the value of integrating CRM analytics into strategic fundraising workflows and offer practical implications for campaign managers seeking to maximize donor lifetime value and engagement ROI.

Keywords

CRM, digital fundraising, engagement pathways, donor behavior, campaign analytics, multichannel attribution

References

[1] Kolade Olusola Ogunsola 1*, , Emmanuel Damilare Balogun 2, and , Adebanji Samuel Ogunmokun 3, “Enhancing Financial Integrity Through an Advanced Internal Audit Risk Assessment and Governance Model.” [Online]. Available: https://www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com/u ploads/archives/20250329154826_MGE- 2025-2-141.1.pdf

[2] K. Jetha, “Two models for information systems-supported organizational frame alignment,” PhD Thesis, University of Georgia, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jetha_karim_2017 12_phd.pdf

[3] K. O. Ogunsola and E. D. Balogun, “Enhancing Financial Integrity Through an Advanced Internal Audit Risk Assessment and Governance Model,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 781–790, 2021,

[4] H. Huang, The Use of Customer Relationship Management in Small Arts Organization. Drexel University, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/19cf33c ea6cbcca9869a1f7d415cb929/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

[5] Adesemoye O.E., Chukwuma-Eke E.C., Lawal C.I., Isibor N.J., Akintobi A.O., Ezeh F.S., “Improving Financial Forecasting Accuracy through Advanced Data Visualization Techniques.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=Zm0csPMAAAA J&authuser=1&citation_for_view=Zm0csPM AAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC

[6] E. Bridges and K. Fowler, The Routledge handbook of service research insights and ideas. Routledge, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mo no/download?identifierName= alue=10.4324/9781351245234&type=googlep df

[7] P. E. Odio, E. Kokogho, T. A. Olorunfemi, M. O. Nwaozomudoh, I. E. Adeniji, and A. Sobowale, “Innovative Financial Solutions: A Conceptual Framework for Expanding SME Portfolios in Nigeria’s Banking Sector,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 495 –507, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.495-507.

[8] J. M. Handelman and S. J. Arnold, “The Role of Marketing Actions with a Social Dimension: Appeals to the Institutional Environment,” J. Mark., vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 33–48, Jul. 1999, 10.1177/002224299906300303.

[9] O. E. Adesemoye, E. C. Chukwuma-Eke, C. I. Lawal, N. J. Isibor, A. O. Akintobi, and F. S. Ezeh, “Integrating Digital Currencies into Traditional Banking to Streamline Transactions and Compliance”.

[10] C. Shih, The Facebook era: Tapping online social networks to market, sell, and innovate. Pearson Education, 2010.

[11] F. U. Ojika, W. O. Owobu, O. A. Abieba, O. J. Esan, B. C. Ubamadu, and A. Ifesinachi, “Optimizing AI Models for Cross-Functional Collaboration: A Framework for Improving Product Roadmap Execution in Agile Teams,” vol. 5, no. 1, 2021.

[12] J. Decker, Technology and digital initiatives: innovative approaches for museums. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.

[13] B. I. Adekunle, E. C. Chukwuma-Eke, E. D. Balogun, and K. O. Ogunsola, “Predictive Analytics for Demand Forecasting: Enhancing Business Resource Allocation Through Time Series Models,” J. Front. Multidiscip. Res., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 32 –42, 2021, 10.54660/.IJFMR.2021.2.1.32-42.

[14] V. Mato-Santiso, “Stakeholder relationship marketing in nonprofit organizations: towards omnichannel strategies,” 2020, [Online]. Available: https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/handle/2183/26496

[15] D. I. Ajiga, “Strategic Framework for Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Improve Financial Reporting Accuracy and Restore Public Trust,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 882–892, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.882-892.

[16] W. W. Moe and D. A. Schweidel, Social media intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=x2bLAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq= CRM,+digital+fundraising,+engagement+path ways,+donor+behavior,+campaign+analytics, +multichannel+attribution&ots=a6MWL3hHf Q&sig=2W5LwKHototUOLmYm3LkBR2olh Y

[17] David Ajiga, “Strategic Framework for Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Improve Financial Reporting Accuracy and Restore Public Trust.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=zC5wizQAAAAJ &citation_for_view=zC5wizQAAAAJ:hqOjcs 7Dif8C

[18] T. Hart, J. M. Greenfield, and S. D. Haji, People to people fundraising: Social networking and Web 2.0 for charities. John Wiley and Sons, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=JCfa3v1RUjQC&oi=fnd&pg=PT10&dq=Di gital+fundraising+campaigns+have+undergon e+a+transformative+shift,+driven+by+the+int egration+of+Customer+Relationship+Manage ment+(CRM)+systems,+data+analytics,+and+ digital+engagement+platforms.+&ots=IACIcs n9OT&sig=fAU8qTLMoTIlMEFABC3Xl6Qf V0c

[19] G. Agho, M. O., Ezeh, M., Isong, D., Iwe, K. A., and Oluseyi, “Sustainable Pore Pressure Prediction and its Impact on Geo-mechanical Modelling for Enhanced Drilling Operations.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=COMxOPwAAA AJ&citation_for_view=COMxOPwAAAAJ:Y 0pCki6q_DkC

[20] N. Wilson, “Online cause-related marketing: the impact of donation amount and congruence on consumers’ response.,” PhD Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/29865/

[21] Enoch Oluwadunmininu Ogunnowo, Musa Adekunle Adewoyin, Joyce Efekpogua Fiemotongha, Thompson Odion Igunma, Adeniyi K Adeleke, “Systematic Review of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Preventive Failure Analysis in Mechanical Systems.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=6SQ3ZwQAAAA J&citation_for_view=6SQ3ZwQAAAAJ:Tyk- 4Ss8FVUC

[22] V. Jones-Smith, “Nonprofit Leaders’ Digital Marketing Strategies to Secure and Sustain Donors,” PhD Thesis, Walden University, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/6792dd b2843b6753de9a02c78aae35f0/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

[23] A. I. Daraojimba and E. D. Balogun, “118 PUBLICATIONS 6,307 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE,” vol. 4, no. 9, 2021.

[24] R. V. Kozinets, K. De Valck, A. C. Wojnicki, and S. J. S. Wilner, “Networked Narratives: Understanding Word-of-Mouth Marketing in Online Communities,” J. Mark., vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 71–89, Mar. 2010,

[25] F. U. Ojika, W. O. Owobu, O. A. Abieba, O. J. Esan, B. C. Ubamadu, and A. Ifesinachi, “A Conceptual Framework for AI-Driven Digital Transformation: Leveraging NLP and Machine Learning for Enhanced Data Flow in Retail Operations,” vol. 4, no. 9, 2021.

[26] W. Trochlil and S. Budziak, “Mission Impossible: Using Data to Drive Organizational Excellence: Collecting, Managing, and Using Member and Prospect Data,” in Membership Essentials, 1st ed., S. Jacobs, Ed., Wiley, 2016, pp. 93–109. 10.1002/9781119176695.ch8.

[27] A. S. Ogunmokun, E. D. Balogun, and K. O. Ogunsola, “A Conceptual Framework for AI- Driven Financial Risk Management and Corporate Governance Optimization,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 772 –780, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.772-780.

[28] B. Kanter and K. D. Paine, Measuring the networked nonprofit: Using data to change the world. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=vL_lhYF0Uf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=D igital+fundraising+campaigns+have+undergo ne+a+transformative+shift,+driven+by+the+in tegration+of+Customer+Relationship+Manag ement+(CRM)+systems,+data+analytics,+and +digital+engagement+platforms.+&ots=_oqd1 zF9eZ&sig=GT-cI7CON_I2- Y7XsKCvbdXhclM

[29] N. J. Isibor, C. Paul-Mikki Ewim, A. I. Ibeh, E. M. Adaga, N. J. Sam-Bulya, and G. O. Achumie, “A Generalizable Social Media Utilization Framework for Entrepreneurs: Enhancing Digital Branding, Customer Engagement, and Growth,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 751–758, 2021, 758.

[30] D. Shah and B. P. S. Murthi, “Marketing in a data-driven digital world: Implications for the role and scope of marketing,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 125, pp. 772–779, 2021.

[31] B. I. Adekunle, E. C. Chukwuma-Eke, E. D. Balogun, and K. O. Ogunsola, “A Predictive Modeling Approach to Optimizing Business Operations: A Case Study on Reducing Operational Inefficiencies through Machine Learning,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 791–799, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.791-799.

[32] E. Moriuchi, “IS THAT REALLY AN HONEST ONLINE REVIEW? THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISCLAIMERS IN ONLINE REVIEWS,” J. Mark. Theory Pract., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 309–327, Jul. 2018, 10.1080/10696679.2018.1451257.

[33] E. D. Balogun, K. O. Ogunsola, and A. S. Ogunmokun, “A Risk Intelligence Framework for Detecting and Preventing Financial Fraud in Digital Marketplaces,” vol. 4, no. 8, 2021.

[34] GODWIN OZOEMENAM ACHUMIE NGOZI JOAN ISIBOR, AUGUSTINE IFEANYI IBEH, CHIKEZIE PAUL-MIKKI EWIM, NGODOO JOY SAM -BULYA, EJUMA MARTHA ADAGA, “A Strategic Resilience Framework for SMEs: Integrating Digital Transformation, Financial Literacy, and Risk Management.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=4JmgDS8AAAAJ &cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view= 4JmgDS8AAAAJ:YOwf2qJgpHMC

[35] T. P. Novak, D. L. Hoffman, and Y.-F. Yung, “Measuring the Customer Experience in Online Environments: A Structural Modeling Approach,” Mark. Sci., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 22– 42, Feb. 2000, 10.1287/mksc.19.1.22.15184.

[36] ED Balogun, KO Ogunsola, AS Ogunmokun, “A risk intelligence framework for detecting and preventing financial fraud in digital marketplaces. IRE Journals. 2021; 4 (8): 134- 140.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=JODGDIIAAAAJ &authuser=1&citation_for_view=JODGDIIA AAAJ:Wp0gIr-vW9MC

[37] E. Turban, C. Pollard, and G. Wood, Information Technology for Management: Driving Digital Transformation to Increase Local and Global Performance, Growth and Sustainability. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=vqAeEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq= Digital+fundraising+campaigns+have+underg one+a+transformative+shift,+driven+by+the+i ntegration+of+Customer+Relationship+Mana gement+(CRM)+systems,+data+analytics,+an d+digital+engagement+platforms.+&ots=- FBjnVfcUk&sig=FXny9M1tmp9fjt- osJzLQq3r-bc

[38] Musa Adekunle Adewoyin, Enoch Oluwadunmininu Ogunnowo, Joyce Efekpogua Fiemotongha, Thompson Odion Igunma, Adeniyi K Adeleke, “Advances in CFD-Driven Design for Fluid-Particle Separation and Filtration Systems in Engineering Applications.” Accessed: May 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=6SQ3ZwQAAAA J&citation_for_view=6SQ3ZwQAAAAJ:W7 OEmFMy1HYC

[39] N. Stimler, S. Platform, and E. Mission, “GLAM S’D YNAMIC S USTAINABILITY P LATFORM,” 2020, [Online]. Available: https://scholar.archive.org/work/sblmpin7lrcd xn56tvgtakphae/access/wayback/https://www. balboapark.org/sites/default/files/2020- 10/BPOCGLAMsStrategyWhitepaper- %20Final.pdf

[40] E. C. Chukwuma-Eke, O. Y. Ogunsola, and N. J. Isibor, “Designing a Robust Cost Allocation Framework for Energy Corporations Using SAP for Improved Financial Performance,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 809 –822, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.809-822.

[41] S. Wise, “Finding a Digital Solution to Help Improve Donor Lifetime Value and Retention in the Nonprofit Industry,” PhD Thesis, Toronto Metropolitan University. [Online]. Available: https://rshare.library.torontomu.ca/articles/thes is/Finding_a_Digital_Solution_to_Help_Impr ove_Donor_Lifetime_Value_and_Retention_i n_the_Nonprofit_Industry/14663271

[42] M. O. Nwaozomudoh, P. E. Odio, E. Kokogho, T. A. Olorunfemi, I. E. Adeniji, and A. Sobowale, “Developing a Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Interbank Currency Operation Accuracy in Nigeria’s Banking Sector,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 481–494, 2021, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.481-494.

[43] L. Spiller, Direct, digital & data-driven marketing. Sage, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=b- bEDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Digita l+fundraising+campaigns+have+undergone+a +transformative+shift,+driven+by+the+integr ation+of+Customer+Relationship+Manageme nt+(CRM)+systems,+data+analytics,+and+dig ital+engagement+platforms.+&ots=eYnvPckI QG&sig=LDDghtDWWms1D8klmxhnKq54 WeU

[44] Musa Adekunle Adewoyin, “Developing frameworks for managing low-carbon energy transitions: overcoming barriers to implementation in the oil and gas industry,” Magna Sci. Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 068–075, Apr. 2021, 10.30574/msarr.2021.1.3.0020.

[45] P. Boeder and B. Hohn, “Fundraising on the Internet: on-line strategies for nonprofit organizations,” Libr. Inf. Sci., p. 171, 2005.

[46] J. P. Onoja, O. Hamza, A. Collins, U. B. Chibunna, A. Eweja, and A. I. Daraojimba, “Digital Transformation and Data Governance: Strategies for Regulatory Compliance and Secure AI-Driven Business Operations,” J. Front. Multidiscip. Res., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 43– 55, 2021, 55.

[47] A. Rosenblatt, “Dimensions of campaigns in the age of digital networks,” in Campaigns and elections American style, Routledge, 2018, pp. 175–196. [Online]. Available: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/1 0.4324/9780429495380-8/dimensions- campaigns-age-digital-networks-alan- rosenblatt

[48] ENOCH OLUWABUSAYO Alonge, NSISONG LOUIS Eyo -Udo, BRIGHT CHIBUNNA, ANDREW IFESINACHI DARAOJIMBA UBANADU, EMMANUEL DAMILARE BALOGUN, KOLADE OLUSOLA OGUNSOLA, “Digital Transformation in Retail Banking to Enhance Customer Experience and Profitability.” Accessed: May 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=JODGDIIAAAAJ &cstart=20&pagesize=80&authuser=1&citati on_for_view=JODGDIIAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_ uO8C

[49] ENOCH OLUWABUSAYO ALONGE1 et al., “Digital Transformation in Retail Banking to Enhance Customer Experience and Profitability.” [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Enoch- Alonge/publication/390023729_Digital_Trans formation_in_Retail_Banking_to_Enhance_C ustomer_Experience_and_Profitability/links/6 7dc385772f7f37c3e750efa/Digital- Transformation-in-Retail-Banking-to- Enhance-Customer-Experience-and- Profitability.pdf

[50] Y. Song, “Digital user’s decision journey,” PhD Thesis, Boston University, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/4fd983 bb1a3a973d7ba7b0ec5f59e40c/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750

[51] OLUWATOSIN ILORI, , COMFORT IYABODE LAWAL, , SOLOMON CHRISTOPHER FRIDAY, , NGOZI JOAN ISIBOR, and , EZINNE C. CHUKWUMA - EKE, “Enhancing Auditor Judgment and Skepticism through Behavioral Insights: A Systematic Review.” [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwatos in-Ilori- 3/publication/391739345_Enhancing_Auditor _Judgment_and_Skepticism_through_Behavio ral_Insights_A_Systematic_Review/links/682 5167a026fee1034f82ffc/Enhancing-Auditor- Judgment-and-Skepticism-through- Behavioral-Insights-A-Systematic-Review.pdf

[52] L. Herbert, Digital transformation: Build your organization’s future for the innovation age. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

[53] Ekene Cynthia Onukwulu, Mercy Odochi Agho, and Nsisong Louis Eyo -Udo, “Framework for sustainable supply chain practices to reduce carbon footprint in energy,” Open Access Res. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 012–034, Jul. 2021, 10.53022/oarjst.2021.1.2.0032.

[54] P. Chima, J. Ahmadu, and O. G. Folorunsho, “Implementation of Digital Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System: Lesson from Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria,” vol. 4, no. 2, 2019.

[55] Adesemoye O.E., Chukwuma-Eke E.C., Lawal C.I., Isibor N.J., Akintobi A.O., Ezeh F.S., “Improving Financial Forecasting Accuracy through Advanced Data Visualization Techniques.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=Zm0csPMAAAA J&authuser=1&citation_for_view=Zm0csPM AAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC

[56] J. Stark, Digital Transformation of Industry: Continuing Change. in Decision Engineering. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. 10.1007/978-3-031-71590-7.

[57] J. Olatunde Omisola, E. Augustine Etukudoh, O. Kingsley Okenwa, G. I. Tokunbo Olugbemi, and E. Ogu, “Innovating Project Delivery and Piping Design for Sustainability in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Conceptual Framework,” Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. Stud., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1772–1777, Dec. 2024, 10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.4109.

[58] D. Gagliardi and D. Cox, “Digital technologies and the social economy: New technologies and digitisation: opportunities and challenges for the social economy and social enterprises.,” 2020, [Online]. Available: https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publicati ons/digital-technologies-and-the-social- economy-new-technologies-and-

[59] Oluchukwu Modesta Oluoha, Abisola Odeshina, Oluwatosin Reis, and Friday Okpeke, “Project Management Innovations for Strengthening Cybersecurity Compliance across Complex Enterprises | Request PDF,” ResearchGate, Apr. 2025, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.871-881.

[60] M. E. Milakovich, Digital governance: Applying advanced technologies to improve public service. Routledge, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10 .4324/9781003215875/digital-governance- michael-milakovich

[61] G. Fredson, B. Adebisi, O. B. Ayorinde, E. C. Onukwulu, O. Adediwin, and A. O. Ihechere, “Revolutionizing procurement management in the oil and gas industry: Innovative strategies and insights from high-value projects,” Int J Multidiscip Res Growth Eval Internet, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=36 97942392653502481&hl=en&oi=scholarr

[62] O. E. Akpe, J. C. Ogeawuchi, A. A. Abayomi, O. A. Agboola, and E. Ogbuefi, “Systematic Review of Last-Mile Delivery Optimization and Procurement Efficiency in African Logistics Ecosystems,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 377–388, Dec. 2021.

[63] A. I. Daraojimba, J. C. Ogeawuchi, A. A. Abayomi, O. A. Agboola, and E. Ogbuefi, “Systematic Review of Serverless Architectures and Business Process Optimization,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 284–309, Oct. 2021.

[64] A. Gruszka, J. R. Jupp, and G. De Valence, “Digital foundations: how technology is transforming Australia’s construction sector,” 2017, [Online]. Available: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/12 4861/1/Digital-Foundations- ConstructionTech-Report.pdf

[65] G. Fredson, B. Adebisi, O. B. Ayorinde, E. C. Onukwulu, O. Adediwin, and A. O. Ihechere, “Driving organizational transformation: Leadership in ERP implementation and lessons from the oil and gas sector,” Int J Multidiscip Res Growth Eval Internet, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10 240535623829030426&hl=en&oi=scholarr

[66] M. P. Nanhe, ““A study on Customer Relationship Management & CRM software Prof. Megha P. Nanhe DAIMSR, Nagpur.,” Enterp. VALUE Creat. Creat. Manag. Pract., p. 184.

[67] O. M. Oluoha, A. Odeshina, O. Reis, F. Okpeke, V. Attipoe, and O. H. Orieno, “Development of a Compliance-Driven Identity Governance Model for Enhancing Enterprise Information Security,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 310–324, May 2021.

[68] T. E. Vass, Accredited Investor Crowdfunding: A Practical Guide for Technology Executives and Entrepreneurs. First Edition Design Pub., 2014. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=6iOaBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT1&dq= CRM,+digital+fundraising,+engagement+path ways,+donor+behavior,+campaign+analytics, +multichannel+attribution&ots=Nx9xK6vvAf &sig=6-S0_NXRPYf63vmbjrAI-kLyUlE

[69] OLUWATOSIN ILORI, COMFORT IYABODE LAWAL, SOLOMON CHRISTOPHER FRIDAY, NGOZI JOAN ISIBOR, EZINNE C CHUKWUMA -EKE, “Blockchain-Based Assurance Systems: Opportunities and Limitations in Modern Audit Engagements.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=sJAYP0YAAAA J&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view =sJAYP0YAAAAJ:kNdYIx-mwKoC

[70] T. Bunch, Advocating for Strategic it: Phenomenological Study of Nonprofit it Leaders. Capella University, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/655157 8fd45d2a3bb1600eb6a38ab9b7/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750

[71] P. I. Egbumokei, I. N. Dienagha, W. N. Digitemie, and E. C. Onukwulu, “Advanced pipeline leak detection technologies for enhancing safety and environmental sustainability in energy operations,” Int. J. Sci. Res. Arch., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 222–228, 2021.

[72] G. N’Goala, V. Pez-Pérard, and I. Prim-Allaz, Augmented customer strategy: CRM in the digital age. John Wiley & Sons, 2019.

[73] T. P. Gbenle, J. C. Ogeawuchi, A. A. Abayomi, O. A. Agboola, and A. C. Uzoka, “Advances in Cloud Infrastructure Deployment Using AWS Services for Small and Medium Enterprises,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 365–381, May 2020.

[74] O. E. Akpe, J. C. Ogeawuchi, A. A. Abayomi, and O. A. Agboola, “Advances in Stakeholder- Centric Product Lifecycle Management for Complex, Multi-Stakeholder Energy Program Ecosystems,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 179–188, Feb. 2021.

[75] S. Mohanty, M. Jagadeesh, and H. Srivatsa, Big Data imperatives: enterprise Big Data warehouse, BI implementations and analytics. Apress, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&i d=WZdqU45XfkkC&oi=fnd&pg=PP3&dq=D igital+fundraising+campaigns+have+undergo ne+a+transformative+shift,+driven+by+the+in tegration+of+Customer+Relationship+Manag ement+(CRM)+systems,+data+analytics,+and +digital+engagement+platforms.+&ots=haRA rbyXTA&sig=dV5ELE4n4of-P_LjVOm- s4Rd8nM

[76] A. A. Abayomi, A. C. Mgbame, O. E. Akpe, E. Ogbuefi, and O. O. Adeyelu, “Advancing Equity Through Technology: Inclusive Design of BI Platforms for Small Businesses,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 235–250, Oct. 2021.

[77] S. Hoeffler and K. L. Keller, “Building Brand Equity through Corporate Societal Marketing,” J. Public Policy Mark., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 78– 89, Apr. 2002, 10.1509/jppm.21.1.78.17600.

[78] E. C. Onukwulu, I. N. Dienagha, W. N. Digitemie, and P. I. Egbumokei, “AI-driven supply chain optimization for enhanced efficiency in the energy sector,” Magna Sci. Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 087–108, 2021.

[79] M. van Oosterhout, Business agility and information technology in service organizations. 2010. [Online]. Available: https://repub.eur.nl/pub/19805/

[80] A. C. Mgbame, O. E. Akpe, A. A. Abayomi, E. Ogbuefi, and O. O. Adeyelu, “Barriers and Enablers of BI Tool Implementation in Underserved SME Communities,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 211–226, Jan. 2020.

[81] T. Burström, V. Parida, T. Lahti, and J. Wincent, “AI-enabled business-model innovation and transformation in industrial ecosystems: A framework, model and outline for further research,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 127, pp. 85–95, Apr. 2021, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.016.

[82] M. Iansiti and K. R. Lakhani, Competing in the age of AI: Strategy and leadership when algorithms and networks run the world. Harvard Business Press, 2020.

[83] D. S. Williams, Connected CRM: implementing a data-driven, customer-centric business strategy. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

[84] E. D. Balogun, K. O. Ogunsola, and A. Samuel, “A Cloud-Based Data Warehousing Framework for Real- Time Business Intelligence and Decision -Making Optimization,” vol. 5, no. 2, 2021.

[85] ADENIYI K. ADELEKE ENOCH OLUWADUNMININU OGUNNOWO, MUSA ADEKUNLE ADEWOYIN, JOYCE EFEKPOGUA FIEMOTONGHA, THOMPSON ODION IGUNMA, “A Conceptual Framework for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis in High-Performance Material Selection.” Accessed: May 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC

[86] B Austin-Gabriel, NY Hussain, AB Ige, PA Adepoju, OO Amoo, AI Afolabi, “Advancing zero trust architecture with AI and data science for enterprise cybersecurity frameworks.” Accessed: May 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=nFFJfM0AAAAJ &citation_for_view=nFFJfM0AAAAJ:WF5o mc3nYNoC

[87] R. Han, H. K. S. Lam, Y. Zhan, Y. Wang, Y. K. Dwivedi, and K. H. Tan, “Artificial intelligence in business-to-business marketing: a bibliometric analysis of current research status, development and future directions,” Ind. Manag. Amp Data Syst., vol. 121, no. 12, pp. 2467–2497, Aug. 2021, 05-2021-0300.

[88] A. Malik, M. T. T. De Silva, P. Budhwar, and N. R. Srikanth, “Elevating talents’ experience through innovative artificial intelligence- mediated knowledge sharing: Evidence from an IT-multinational enterprise,” J. Int. Manag., vol. 27, no. 4, p. 100871, Dec. 2021, 10.1016/j.intman.2021.100871.

[89] U. B. Chibunna, O. Hamza, A. Collins, J. P. Onoja, A. Eweja, and A. I. Daraojimba, “Building Digital Literacy and Cybersecurity Awareness to Empower Underrepresented Groups in the Tech Industry,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 125 –138, 2020, 10.54660/.IJMRGE.2020.1.1.125-138.

[90] S. Agarwal et al., “Unleashing the power of disruptive and emerging technologies amid COVID-19: A detailed review,” Apr. 19, 2021, arXiv: arXiv:2005.11507. 10.48550/arXiv.2005.11507.

[91] ADENIYI K. ADELEKE ENOCH OLUWADUNMININU OGUNNOWO, MUSA ADEKUNLE ADEWOYIN, JOYCE EFEKPOGUA FIEMOTONGHA, THOMPSON ODION IGUNMA, “A Conceptual Model for Simulation-Based Optimization of HVAC Systems Using Heat Flow Analytics.” Accessed: May 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ:ufrVoPGSRksC

[92] D. Adema, S. Blenkhorn, and S. Houseman, “Scaling-up Impact: Knowledge -based Organizations Working Toward Sustainability”.

[93] NY Hussain, B Austin-Gabriel, AB Ige, PA Adepoju, OO Amoo, AI Afolabi, “AI-driven predictive analytics for proactive security and optimization in critical infrastructure systems.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=nFFJfM0AAAAJ &citation_for_view=nFFJfM0AAAAJ:ufrVoP GSRksC

[94] F. U. Ojika, W. O. Owobu, O. A. Abieba, O. J. Esan, B. C. Ubamadu, and A. I. Daraojimba, “AI-Driven Models for Data Governance: Improving Accuracy and Compliance through Automation and Machine Learning,” vol. 1, no. 2, 2025.

[95] E. O. Alonge, N. L. Eyo-Udo, B. C. Ubamadu, A. I. Daraojimba, E. D. Balogun, and K. Olusola, “Self-Service Data Platforms as Drivers of Cost Reduction and Decision- Making Efficiency in Data -Intensive Organizations,” vol. 11, no. 4, 2025.

[96] ADENIYI K. ADELEKE ENOCH OLUWADUNMININU OGUNNOWO, MUSA ADEKUNLE ADEWOYIN, JOYCE EFEKPOGUA FIEMOTONGHA, THOMPSON ODION IGUNMA, “Advances in Thermofluid Simulation for Heat Transfer Optimization in Compact Mechanical Devices.” [Online]. Available: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op= view_citation&hl=en&user=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Mh- Z4rkAAAAJ:roLk4NBRz8UC

[97] S. Habibi, “The Role of Smart Technologies in the Relationship Between Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous Business Environment (VUCA) and Organizational Agility: Industrial Enterprises Research”.

[98] P. Gbenle et al., “A Conceptual Model for Scalable and Fault-Tolerant Cloud- Native Architectures Supporting Critical Real-Time Analytics in Emergency Response Systems”.

[99] T. P. Gbenle, J. C. Ogeawuchi, A. A. Abayomi, O. A. Agboola, and A. C. Uzoka, “Advances in Cloud Infrastructure Deployment Using AWS Services for Small and Medium Enterprises,” Iconic Res. Eng. J., vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 365–381, May 2020.

[100] F. U. Ojika, W. O. Owobu, O. A. Abieba, O. J. Esan, B. C. Ubamadu, and A. I. Daraojimba, “The Role of AI in Cybersecurity: A Cross- Industry Model for Integrating Machine Learning and Data Analysis for Improved Threat Detection”.

How to cite this paper

Omolola Temitope Kufile, Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti, Abiodun Yusuf Onifade, Bisi Ogunwale, Chinelo Harriet Okolo "Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 3 2021 Page 394-411
Omolola Temitope Kufile, Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti, Abiodun Yusuf Onifade, Bisi Ogunwale, Chinelo Harriet Okolo "Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 5, no. 3, Sep. 2021
Omolola Temitope Kufile, Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti, Abiodun Yusuf Onifade, Bisi Ogunwale, Chinelo Harriet Okolo (2021). Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights. Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(3).
Omolola Temitope Kufile, Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti, Abiodun Yusuf Onifade, Bisi Ogunwale, Chinelo Harriet Okolo "Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, vol. 5, no. 3, Sep. 2021.
@article{1709054,
      author = {Omolola Temitope Kufile, Bisayo Oluwatosin Otokiti, Abiodun Yusuf Onifade, Bisi Ogunwale, Chinelo Harriet Okolo},
      title = {Modeling Digital Engagement Pathways in Fundraising Campaigns Using CRM-Driven Insights},
      journal = {Iconic Research And Engineering Journals},
      year = {2021},
      volume = {5},
      number = {3},
      pages = {394-411},
      issn = {2456-8880},
      url = {https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1709054.pdf},
      abstract = {Digital fundraising campaigns have undergone a transformative shift, driven by the integration of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, data analytics, and digital engagement platforms. This paper develops a comprehensive model for analyzing and optimizing digital engagement pathways in nonprofit fundraising campaigns. By leveraging CRM-derived behavioral data, machine learning, and multichannel interaction patterns, we present a framework that identifies high-conversion engagement journeys across email, social media, websites, and SMS. Using historical campaign data from multiple nonprofit organizations, we apply supervised learning techniques and Markov Chain modeling to derive insights into donor behavior, channel synergy, and content effectiveness. The results indicate that CRM-driven models significantly improve campaign attribute, donor retention, and personalized outreach strategies. Our findings highlight the value of integrating CRM analytics into strategic fundraising workflows and offer practical implications for campaign managers seeking to maximize donor lifetime value and engagement ROI.},
      keywords = {CRM, digital fundraising, engagement pathways, donor behavior, campaign analytics, multichannel attribution},
      month = {September},
  }